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Mgt503 GDB Solution

Sunday, June 19, 2011 Posted In Edit This
“Principles of Management (MGT503)”

This is to inform that Graded Discussion Board (GDB) will be opened according to the following schedule

Schedule

Opening Date and Time
June 16 , 2011 At 12:01 A.M. (Mid-Night)

Closing Date and Time
June 20 , 2011 At 11:59 P.M. (Mid-Night)


Discussion Question
Introduction:For a business enterprise, strategies and policies are very important and are closely related to each other. Strategies are comprehensive plans of action, designed to help achieve organization’s goals within specified time. Policies are standing plans that provide the broader guidelines for directing managerial activities in pursuit of organizational goals.

Question:
Are strategies and policies as important in a not-for-profit organization (such as NGO, labour union, hospitals or city fire department) as they are in a business enterprise? Why or why not, give reasons.

Instructions:
Read the following instructions before giving your comments on GDB
Ø Your answer should be relevant to the topic i.e. clear and concise.
Ø Your answer should be sufficient but not more than 300 words.
Ø Do not copy or exchange your answer with other students. Two identical / copied comments will be marked Zero (0) and may damage your grade in the course
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Solution:

Strategy for non-profit organizations:
Alert! Do knot copy paste as it is, just take your idea and make your GDB yourself or you will get 0 marks then do not complaint me, please And you have to write this not more then 300 words
Applying ideas about strategy to the not-for-profit world, which were created in the for profit world, needs to be done carefully. Clear difference in these types of organizations exist, one signefficient difference between for-profit and non-for-profit entities is how they each determine there effectiveness, While a wide variety of perspectives exist on nonprofit effectiveness, and it has been well argued that effectiveness is “socially constructed” (Herman & Renz, 1997, 1998, 1999), nonprofit effectiveness is often thought of in terms of mission (Sheehan, 1996) while for-profit effectiveness often focuses on “profit” and/or shareholder value (Smith, 1999 & 2004).

So, while for-profits may be mostly focused on ways to “outperform rivals” (Porter, 1996, p. 62), not-for-profits can be thought of as focused on “mission accomplishment”
(Sheehan, 1996). While there may be exceptions when a competitive mind-set is appropriate for a nonprofit to consider in developing strategy, most do not take this approach. In utilizing strategy concepts in nonprofit organizations, most practitioners, consultants, and authors use various strategy tools – while purging the ideas of “outperforming rivals,” growing shareholder value, and competition – from the process.
But if, those competitive drivers are purged, what is used as a replacement?

This paper argues that the replacement “driver” for competition in nonprofit organizations should be a new concept called “mission gap.” It is the foundational concept of a new model of strategy, described in the next section, which truly captures the essence of the difference between the for-profit and nonprofit sectors.

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Policies and Strategies are equally important for an NGO as for a commercial enterprise. When the costs of an NGO’s core activities exceed the inflow of grants and donations, it is forced to either reduce the quantity and/or quality of its work, or to find new sources of funds to cover the difference. Reaching out to new donors with innovative fund-raising approaches is usually the first step. Redesigning program activities to include cost recovery components, whereby the beneficiaries or clients of the NGO pay part of program costs, is a second approach. These are the examples for business strategies for NGOs whereas it is impossible to implement a strategy without policies.
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Applying ideas about strategy to the not-for-profit world, which were created in the for profit world, needs to be done carefully. Clear difference in these types of organizations exist, one signefficient difference between for-profit and non-for-profit entities is how they each determine there effectiveness, While a wide variety of perspectives exist on nonprofit effectiveness, and it has been well argued that effectiveness is “socially constructed” (Herman & Renz, 1997, 1998, 1999), nonprofit effectiveness is often thought of in terms of mission (Sheehan, 1996) while for-profit effectiveness often focuses on “profit” and/or shareholder value (Smith, 1999 & 2004).

So, while for-profits may be mostly focused on ways to “outperform rivals” (Porter, 1996, p. 62), not-for-profits can be thought of as focused on “mission accomplishment” (Sheehan, 1996). While there may be exceptions when a competitive mind-set is appropriate for a nonprofit to consider in developing strategy, most do not take this approach. In utilizing strategy concepts in nonprofit organizations, most practitioners, consultants, and authors use various strategy tools – while purging the ideas of “outperforming rivals,” growing shareholder value, and competition – from the process.

But if, those competitive drivers are purged, what is used as a replacement?

This paper argues that the replacement “driver” for competition in nonprofit
organizations should be a new concept called “mission gap.” It is the foundational concept of a new model of strategy, described in the next section, which truly captures the essence of the difference between the for-profit and nonprofit sectors.

::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Applying ideas about strategy to the not-for-profit world, which were created in the forprofitworld, needs to be done carefully. Clear difference in these types of organization ist, one sign-efficient difference between for-profit and non-for-profit entities is howthey each determine there effectiveness, While a wide variety of perspectives exist onnonprofit effectiveness, and it has been well argued that effectiveness is “sociallyconstructed” (Herman & Renz, 1997, 1998, 1999), nonprofit effectiveness is oftenthought of in terms of mission (Sheehan, 1996) while for-profit effectiveness oftenfocuses on “profit” and/or shareholder value (Smith, 1999 & 2004).

So, while for-profits may be mostly focused on ways to “outperform rivals” (Porter,1996, p. 62), not-for-profits can be thought of as focused on “mission accomplishment”(Sheehan, 1996). While there may be exceptions when a competitive mind-set isappropriate for a nonprofit to consider in developing strategy, most do not take this approach. In utilizing strategy concepts in nonprofit organizations, most practitioners,consultants, and authors use various strategy tools – while purging the ideas of“outperforming rivals,” growing shareholder value, and competition – from the process.But if, those competitive drivers are purged, what is used as a replacement?

This paper argues that the replacement “driver” for competition in nonprofitorganizations should be a new concept called “mission gap.” It is the foundationalconcept of a new model of strategy, described in the next section, which truly capturesthe essence of the difference between the for-profit and nonprofit sectors.

CS402 Assignment No. 4

Saturday, June 18, 2011 Posted In Edit This
Theory of Automata (CS402)
Assignment No.4


Deadline
Your assignment must be uploaded before or on 23rd June 2011.


Rules for Marking
It should be clear that your assignment will not get any credit if:
• The assignment is submitted after due date
• The assignment is copied
Objectives
Objective of this assignment is to make students able to understand the following
concepts,
• Pumping Lemma Version I and II
• Defining Context Free Grammars for Different Languages
• Null and Null-able Transitions and Regular Context Free Grammars


Question No.1 Pumping Lemma Version I and II
a. Suppose we have a language defined below,
anbm Where m = n! (n-factorial) and n = 1, 2, 3 …
Some strings belonging to this language are,
ab , aabb , aaabbbbbb , aaaabbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb , …
[a1b1 ,a2b2 ,a3b6 ,a4b24 , …]
Try to prove that this language is non-regular by Applying Pumping Lemma Version I
and II on this language separately [by taking some example strings]
b. Can we say using PUMPING LEMMA I AND II for sure that a given language is regular or NOT.
[Hint: Part b is somewhat tricky you need to be go through definition of pumping lemma
thoroughly to give answer of this part]


Question No.2 Defining Context Free Grammars
a. Consider the languages EVEN and ODD defined as language having strings of
even and odd lengths respectively, their RE’s are
Even Length Language:
((a+b)(a+b))* = (aa + ab + ba + bb)*
Odd Length Language:
((a+b)(a+b))* (a+b) = (aa + ab + ba + bb)* (a+b)
Give Context Free Grammars for these two languages separately.
b. Let us define a Language MULTIPLE OF THREE PALINDROME having all
those strings of PALINDROME which have length multiple of three, some
words belonging to this language are,
^ , aaa , aba , bab , bbb , aaaaaa , aabbaa , abaaba , abbbba , baaaaab ,
babbab , bbaabb
bbbbbb, ….
[Null string is included considering zero is also multiple of three as 0 x 3 = 0]
i. Give CFG for this language.
ii. Modify your CFG for MULTIPLE OF THREE PALINDROME for
two languages below,
• EVEN MULTIPLE OF THREE PALINDROME
• ODD MULTIPLE OF THREE PALINDROME
HINT: See appendix to see definition of palindrome, even palindrome and odd
palindrome


Question No.3 Null and Nullable Transitions, Regular
Context Free Grammars
Consider the two CFG’s given below,
S ---- > aAA | bBB | Є
A --- > bB | Є
B --- > aA | Є
S ---- > aAA | bBB | Є
A --- > bB | Z
B --- > aA | Є
Z--- > Є
[Here Є means null string, In CFG’s we generally use Є for indicating null string instead
of ^ sign]
a. Find null and null-able transitions (if any) separately in these two CFG’s
b. Remove null transitions from these CFG’s and give new CFG’s for both cases without
null transitions
Important Note:
While attempting any question always remember the following points:
o Where OR is used in the description of a language it means that expressions on
both sides of ‘OR’ are parts of the language.
o Where NOT is used in the description of the language it means that language
includes all strings except described in the ‘NOT’ condition, for example
language NOT starting with a, means all strings not having a in the start (you
have to evaluate yourself what kinds of strings are these).
Appendix
i. PALINDROME [already given in handouts]
S --------- > aSa | bSb | a | b | Є
ii. EVEN PALINDROME
S --------- > aSa | bSb | Є
iii. ODD PALINDROME
S --------- > aSa | bSb | a | b
Assignment Uploading Instructions:
Upload single word file in word 2003 format having solutions for all questions.

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