Question # 1 of 15 ( Start time: 05:09:43 AM ) Total Marks: 1

Idea-reducing stage of new product development process is called:

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Concept development

Product concept

Idea screening

Idea generation



Question # 2 of 15 ( Start time: 05:09:58 AM ) Total Marks: 1

A brand which is created and owned by a reseller of a product or service is known as:

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Co-brand

Private brand

Manufacturer's brand

Licensed brand



Question # 3 of 15 ( Start time: 05:10:16 AM ) Total Marks: 1

In BCG matrix, products with low market share and low market growth are referred to as:

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Dogs

Question marks

Cash cows

Stars



Question # 4 of 15 ( Start time: 05:11:20 AM ) Total Marks: 1

Which stage in the PLC normally lasts longer and poses strong challenges to the marketing managers?

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Introduction

Growth

Maturity

Decline



Question # 5 of 15 ( Start time: 05:11:36 AM ) Total Marks: 1

Which of the following is used to test the customer preference about the new product design?

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Concept testing

Conjoint analysis

Beta testing

Business Analysis



Question # 6 of 15 ( Start time: 05:11:51 AM ) Total Marks: 1

Identify which of the following is an aggressive strategy.

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Intensification

Diversification

Harvesting

Vertical integration



Question # 7 of 15 ( Start time: 05:12:07 AM ) Total Marks: 1

Which of the following are the costs that do not vary with production or sales level?

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Fixed cost

Variable cost

Target cost

Total cost



Question # 8 of 15 ( Start time: 05:13:07 AM ) Total Marks: 1

All of the following are reasons, people will buy a premium priced product, EXCEPT:

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Self-interest

Flawless performance

Sign of self-worth

Indication of good quality



Question # 9 of 15 ( Start time: 05:13:24 AM ) Total Marks: 1

Which of the following can be used to improve the customer’s viewpoint about firm’s products and services?

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Experiential innovation

Customer interface

Experiential world of customers

Building experiential platform



Question # 10 of 15 ( Start time: 05:13:39 AM ) Total Marks: 1

What will be the average cost per unit if a firm produces 600 units at cost of Rs.120, 000?

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50

100

150

200



Question # 11 of 15 ( Start time: 05:14:20 AM ) Total Marks: 1

For which of the following price wars are good in the short run?

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Retailers

Competitors

Customers

Companies



Question # 12 of 15 ( Start time: 05:15:27 AM ) Total Marks: 1

Which of the following is the first step in the new product development process?

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Idea generation

Idea development

Idea screening

Idea testing



Question # 13 of 15 ( Start time: 05:15:42 AM ) Total Marks: 1

Warehousing facility to channel members is an example of:

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Seasonal discount

Trade discount

Quantity discount

Cash discount



Question # 14 of 15 ( Start time: 05:16:57 AM ) Total Marks: 1

Tight cost control is associated with which of the following strategy?

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Market segmentation strategy

Market dominance strategy

Differentiation strategy

Cost leadership strategy



Question # 15 of 15 ( Start time: 05:17:13 AM ) Total Marks: 1

Which of the following gives the exact position of a company’s product with respect to market?

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Market analysis

Consumer analysis

Macro analysis

Micro analysis

What are the steps involved in symmetric cryptography? Also explain key management in conventional cryptography using some example.

Solution:-

Symmetric Cryptography

With symmetric cryptography, both the sender and recipient share a key that is used to perform both encryption and decryption. Symmetric cryptography is commonly used to perform encryption. It also provides data integrity when symmetric keys are used in conjunction with other algorithms to create Message Authentication Codes (MACs). For more information about MACs, see Data Origin Authentication in Chapter 2, "Message Protection Patterns."

Figure 1 illustrates the process of encrypting and decrypting data with a shared secret key.

 Figure 1. The process of symmetric encryption

As illustrated in Figure 1, symmetric encryption involves the following steps:
The sender creates a ciphertext message by encrypting the plaintext message with a symmetric encryption algorithm and a shared key.
The sender sends the ciphertext message to the recipient.
The recipient decrypts the ciphertext message back into plaintext with a shared key.

Numerous symmetric algorithms are currently in use. Some of the more common algorithms include Rijndael (AES) and Triple DES (3DES). These algorithms are designed to perform efficiently on common hardware architectures.

Symmetric cryptography is comparatively simple in nature, because the secret key that is used for both encryption and decryption is shared between the sender and the recipient. However, before communication can occur, the sender and the recipient must exchange a shared secret key. In some cases (such as SSL), asymmetric cryptography can be used to ensure that the initial key exchange occurs over a secure channel.

 Key Management and Conventional Encryption
Conventional encryption has benefits. It is very fast. It is especially useful for encrypting data that is not going anywhere. However, conventional encryption alone as a means for transmitting secure data can be quite expensive simply due to the difficulty of secure key distribution. The expense of secure channels and key distribution relegated its use only to those who could afford it, such as governments and large banks (or small children with secret decoder rings).

Recall a character from your favorite spy movie: the person with a locked briefcase handcuffed to his or her wrist. What is in the briefcase, anyway? It's probably not the missile launch code/ biotoxin formula/ invasion plan itself. It's the key that will decrypt the secret data.

For a sender and recipient to communicate securely using conventional encryption, they must agree upon a key and keep it secret between themselves. If they are in different physical locations, they must trust a courier, the Bat Phone, or some other secure communication medium to prevent the disclosure of the secret key during transmission. Anyone who overhears or intercepts the key in transit can later read, modify, and forge all information encrypted or authenticated with that key. The persistent problem with conventional encryption is key distribution: how do you get the key to the recipient without someone intercepting it?

And the minor problem with it is the storage of keys: when you want to communicate with a lot of people and you have one key for each partner, how do you manage so many keys?




Some Examples of Conventional Cryptosystems

Captain Midnight's Secret Decoder Ring (which you may have owned when you were a kid)

Julius Caesar's cipher

DES, Data Encryption Standard