Rationalism is the application of:
Select correct option:
Research solution
Logic and arguments
Reasoning
Previous findings
Question
The key objective of data analysis is to:
Select correct option:
Calculate statistics
Understand relationships between variables
Obtain the distribution of responses for each question
Create tables which display the survey results
Question
Why, as scientists, do we not want to rely on authority for explanations?
Select correct option:
Those in authority are often wrong.
Those in authority cannot be challenged.
Those in authority rely too much on objective information.
Those in authority often have no common sense.
Question
Ms. Roshi has been coordinating the Annual Festival at her school for the last several years. She wants to be sure the students and parents enjoy the festival again this year. On which source is she LEAST likely to rely when making decisions about what to do?
Select correct option:
Tradition
Personal experience
Research
Expert opinion
Question
Which of the following questions might invade the privacy of a research participant?
Select correct option:
How long have you worked for this organisation?
What is your home address?
What do you think about your direct line manager?
What happened during your last performance appraisal?
Question
Which of the following is not a concept?
Select correct option:
Leadership
Total Quality Management
Human Resource Management
IQ
Question
Research may differ along a series of dimensions. Which of the following may be applied to this statement?
Select correct option:
The type of data collected.
The data-collection technique.
The level of manipulation used to elicit data collection.
All of the given options
Question
Preliminary Data Collection may be considered as part of ----------------.
Select correct option:
Descriptive research
Explananory research
Exploratory research
All of the given options
Question
After you locate a source, you should write down all details of the reference, except;
Select correct option:
Full names of the authors
Titles
Volumes
Price
Question
What is the reason for consulting handbooks, yearbooks, encyclopedias, or reviews in the initial stages of identifying a research topic?
Select correct option:
They are readily available.
They provide an overview of the issues related to a topic.
They are primary sources.
They avoid reporting statistical data so one can interpret the results more easily.
Question
When doing research involving deception with human subjects, researchers have an obligation to do which of the following?
Select correct option:
Tell subjects the truth about the study’s purpose and methods after the study is complete
Prevent mental and physical harm to subjects
Let subjects withdraw from the study at any time if they don’t want to keep participating
All of the given options
Question
Which of the following steps of the scientific method is exemplified by the researcher reviewing the literature and focusing on a specific problem that has yet to be resolved?
Select correct option:
Identify a topic.
Describe the procedures to collect information.
Analyze the collected information.
State the results of the data analysis.
Question
An operational definition is:
Select correct option:
One that bears no relation to the underlying concept.
An abstract, theoretical definition of a concept.
A definition of a concept in terms of specific, empirical measures.
One that refers to opera singers and their work.
Question
What is the first step in the research process?
Select correct option:
Preliminary data collection
Problem definition
Theoretical framework
Define broad problem area
Question
To say that a theory is falsifiable is to say that;
Select correct option:
It is based on rults that are not replicable.
Investigators have replaced it with a simpler or more accurate theory.
We can imagine results that would contradict it.
It is so vague that it fits any and all possible results.
Question
Which of the following is not an unethical issue?
Select correct option:
Invoicing irregularities
Avoiding legal liability
Misrepresenting results
None of the given options
Question
The application of the scientific method to the study of business problems is called;
Select correct option:
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Business research
Grounded theory
Question
Which of the following terms represents the most general, broad concept?
Select correct option:
Test
Assessment
Measurement
Instrument
Question
Which of the following should not be a consideration in writing a proposal?
Select correct option:
Understanding the problem situation
The apearance/form of the proposal
Responding to every element exactly as specified by the client
Knowing as much as possible about the proposal recipients
1) How can we determine if a test has good validity?It produces the same result when it is given at different times to the same ***** of people It produces the same result no matter which version of the test is used
It measures what it is supposed to measure
All of the questions on it can be answered accurately by the subject 2) Why do you need to review the existing literature?To give your dissertation a proper academic appearance, with lots of references Because without it, you could never reach the required word-count
To find out what is already known about your area of interest
To help in your general studying 3) When you are confident that the experimental manipulation produced the changes you measured in the dependent variable, your study probably has good ________ validity.Construct
Internal
External Causal 4) Preliminary Data Collection may be considered as part of ----------------?Descriptive research Explananory research
Exploratory research
All of the given options 5) Rationalism is the application of:Research solution
Logic and arguments
Reasoning Previous findings 6) If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to ascertain their merit and worth, he is likely conducting which type of research?
Basic
Applied Evaluation Experimental 7) _________ meanings attached to a concept create problems of measurements.
Unambiguous
Vague Clear Dictionary 8) Which of the the following is not included in Objects?Tables
People
Books
Weight
9) Which one of the following creates problems of measurements of a concept?Unambiguous meanings
Vague meanings
Clear meanings Dictionary meanings 10) The ________ is only useful if the concepts, ideas, questions, etc. to be investigated are both testable and falsifiable.Independent Variable Dependent Variable Experimental Method
Scientific Method
11) Which of the following is likely to reduce the validity of a test?Unclear test directions Ambiguous test items Untaught items
All of the given options
12) If a researcher was studying the use of various instructional approaches to the "multiple intelligences" of his students, he is likely to be conducting which type of research?Basic
Applied
Evaluation Grounded theory
13) What is opposite of a variable?
A constant
An extraneous variable A dependent variable A data set
14) The extent to which we can generalize the results of a study to other participants is called:
Sampling validity
External validity
Construct validity Internal validity
Basic
Applied Evaluation Experimental
23) The organization of concepts in sequence from the most concrete and individual to the most general indicates is:
One that bears no relation to the underlying concept. An abstract, theoretical definition of a concept.
The degree of abstraction
An operational definition
24) Which one of the following is not an assumption of science?
There are reoccurring patterns in the world. |
Events happen because of preceding causes. |
We can discover solutions to problems of interest. |
Theoretical explanations must agree with common sense. |
25) A concept is a generalized idea about------ .
A class of objects
Attributes Occurrences All of the given options
26) Procedures determining what two issues are rarely used in quantitative research?
Objectivity and subjectivity Reliability and validity Accessibility and replicability Quality and quantity
Question
Which of the following is the BEST hypothesis?
Select correct option:
Students taking formative quizzes will perform better on chapter exams than students not taking these quizzes.
Taller students will have higher test scores than shorter students.
Students taught in a cooperative ***** setting should do better than students in a traditional class.
Students using laptops will do well.
Question
12. Which of the following true about the relationship between theory building and data collection?
Select correct option:
When studies come out as expected, inductive support for the theory is gained.
If an experiment fails, discarding the experiment is an example of affirming the consequent.
When a hypothesis is not supported, virtually nothing has been learned about the theory.
A good theory will be inclusive enough to explain every possible research outcome.
Question
Which of the following steps of the scientific method is exemplified by the researcher reviewing the literature and focusing on a specific problem that has yet to be resolved?
Select correct option:
Identify a topic.
Describe the procedures to collect information.
Analyze the collected information.
State the results of the data analysis.
Question
When we say that science is parsimonious, we mean that:
Select correct option:
Scientific theories are based on laws.
We must be careful because causes can occur after specific effects.
The best scientific theories are those that offer the simplest explanations for a law.
Science accurately describes a wide range of behavior.
Question
When you are confident that the experimental manipulation produced the changes you measured in the dependent variable, your study probably has good ________ validity.
Select correct option:
Construct
Internal
External
Causal
Question
What is the final step of a scientific investigation?
Select correct option:
Analyze data
Collect data
Report the findings
Determine whether the hypothesis was supported
Question
The most difficult sources to locate are;
Select correct option:
Dissertations
Policy Reports and Presented Papers
Government Documents
Scholarly Books
Question
Which of the following is the least appropriate research problem?
Select correct option:
Does studying Latin improve the standardized vocabulary test scores of seventh grade students?
Does drilling fifth grade students with multiplication facts improve their standardized test scores?
What is the relationship between students' math attitudes and math achievement?
Should students have access to controversial novels in school?
Question 1
Ms. Tania is thinking about changing her instructional approach to a more mastery-learning orientation. She is interested in knowing more about this topic as well as its effectiveness when working with elementary school students. On which source should she rely for such information?
Select correct option:
Tradition
Research
Intuition
Personal experience
Question
A good qualitative problem statement:
Select correct option:
Defines the independent and dependent variables
Conveys a sense of emerging design
Specifies a research hypothesis to be tested
Specifies the relationship between variables that the researcher expects to find.
Question
Which one of the following is not an assumption of science?
Select correct option:
There are reoccurring patterns in the world.
Events happen because of preceding causes.
We can discover solutions to problems of interest.
Theoretical explanations must agree with common sense.
Questio
Which of the following is most beneficial to read in an article?
Select correct option:
Methods
Introduction
Figures
References
Question
If a researcher was studying the use of various instructional approaches to the "multiple intelligences" of his students, he is likely to be conducting which type of research?
Select correct option:
Basic
Applied
Evaluation
Grounded theory
Question
The elaboration of the variables in the theoretical framework addresses which type of qestions?
Select correct option:
Why we expect certain relationships to exist
How weexpect certain relationships to exist
Both of the given questions
None of the given questions
Question
What research is?
Select correct option:
A lab experiment
A report
A systematic Enquiry
A procedure
Question
The scientific method is preferred over other ways of knowing because it is more;
Select correct option:
Reliable
Systematic
Accurate
All of the given options
Question
What is ordinal data?
Select correct option:
Ordinary data
Well behaved data
Ranked data
Numbers
Question
Why, as scientists, do we not want to rely on authority for explanations?
Select correct option:
Those in authority are often wrong.
Those in authority cannot be challenged.
Those in authority rely too much on objective information.
Those in authority often have no common sense.
Question
A literature review requires;
Select correct option:
planning
clear writing
good writing
All of the given option
| | | Time Left | 42
sec(s) | 
|
|
| | Question # 1 of 20 | Total Marks: 1 | | Measurement reliability refers to the: | | Select correct option: | | | |
| Accuracy of the scores | |
| Consistency of the scores | |
| Dependency of the scores | |
| Comprehensiveness of the scores |
|
| | | | Time Left | 58
sec(s) |
|
|
| | Question # 2 of 20 | Total Marks: 1 | | Which of the following should not be a consideration in writing a proposal? | | Select correct option: | | | |
| Understanding the problem situation | |
| The appearance/form of the proposal | |
| Responding to every element exactly as specified by the client | |
| Knowing as much as possible about the proposal recipients |
|
| | | | Time Left | 75
sec(s) |
|
|
| | Question # 3 of 20 | Total Marks: 1 | | Which of the following is likely to reduce the validity of a test? | | Select correct option: | | | |
| Unclear test directions | |
| Ambiguous test items | |
| Untaught items | |
| All of the given options |
|
| | | | Time Left | 84
sec(s) |
|
|
| | Question # 4 of 20 | Total Marks: 1 | | Which of the following is most beneficial to read in an article? | | Select correct option: | | | |
| Methods | |
| Introduction | |
| Figures | |
| References |
|
| | | | Time Left | 83
sec(s) |
|
|
| | Question # 5 of 20 | Total Marks: 1 | | The researcher protects the confidentiality in following ways, Except; | | Select correct option: | | | |
| Obtaining signed nondisclosure documents. | |
| Restricting access to data instruments where the respondent is identified. | |
| Disclosure of data subsets. | |
| Restricting access to respondent identification. |
|
| | | | Time Left | 61
sec(s) |
|
|
| | Question # 6 of 20 | Total Marks: 1 | | Which of the following is the least appropriate research problem? | | Select correct option: | | | |
| Does studying Latin improve the standardized vocabulary test scores of seventh grade students? | |
| Does drilling fifth grade students with multiplication facts improve their standardized test scores? | |
| What is the relationship between students' math attitudes and math achievement? | |
| Should students have access to controversial novels in school? |
|
| | | | Time Left | 80
sec(s) |
|
|
| | Question # 7 of 20 | Total Marks: 1 | | What is the basis of the Scientific Method? | | Select correct option: | | | |
| To test hypotheses in conditions that are condusive to its success. | |
| To formulate a research problem and disprove the hypothesis. | |
| To formulate a research problem, test the hypothesis in carefully controlled conditions that challenge the hypothesis. | |
| To test hypotheses and if they are disproved, they should be abandoned completely. |
|
| | | | Question # 8 of 20 | Total Marks: 1 | | Which of the following is the BEST hypothesis? | | Select correct option: | | | |
| Students taking formative quizzes will perform better on chapter exams than students not taking these quizzes. | |
| Taller students will have higher test scores than shorter students. | |
| Students taught in a cooperative group setting should do better than students in a traditional class. | |
| Students using laptops will do well. |
|
| | | | Time Left | 64
sec(s) |
|
|
| | Question # 9 of 20 | Total Marks: 1 | | How can we determine if a test has good validity? | | Select correct option: | | | |
| It produces the same result when it is given at different times to the same group of people | |
| It produces the same result no matter which version of the test is used | |
| It measures what it is supposed to measure | |
| All of the questions on it can be answered accurately by the subject |
|
| | | | Time Left | 72
sec(s) |
|
|
| | Question # 10 of 20 | Total Marks: 1 | | Why, as scientists, do we not want to rely on authority for explanations? | | Select correct option: | | | |
| Those in authority are often wrong. | |
| Those in authority cannot be challenged. | |
| Those in authority rely too much on objective information. | |
| Those in authority often have no common sense. |
|
| | | | Time Left | 76
sec(s) |
|
|
| | Question # 11 of 20 | Total Marks: 1 | | Which of the following is a concept? | | Select correct option: | | | |
| Leadership. | |
| Total Quality Management. | |
| Human Resource Management. | |
| All of the given options |
|
| | | | Time Left | 79
sec(s) |
|
|
| | Question # 12 of 20 | Total Marks: 1 | | Under which of the following research method is not applicable? | | Select correct option: | | | |
| Health care | |
| Business | |
| Government offices | |
| Imaginary worlds |
|
| | | | Time Left | 77
sec(s) |
|
|
| | Question # 13 of 20 | Total Marks: 1 | | Research may differ along a series of dimensions. Which of the following may be applied to this statement? | | Select correct option: | | | |
| The type of data collected. | |
| The data-collection technique. | |
| The level of manipulation used to elicit data collection. | |
| All of the given options |
|
| | | | Time Left | 64
sec(s) |
|
|
| | Question # 14 of 20 | Total Marks: 1 | | Which of the following is the best hypothesis statement to address the research question, "What impact will the new advertising campaign have on use of Brand B?" | | Select correct option: | | | |
| The new advertising campaign will impact Brand B usage. | |
| The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B trial. | |
| The new advertising campaign will cause increased Brand B usage at the expense of Brand C. | |
| The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B's market penetration. |
|
| | | | Time Left | 84
sec(s) |
|
|
| | Question # 15 of 20 | Total Marks: 1 | | Bias is defined as; | | Select correct option: | | | |
| The distortion of responses based on gender, ethnicity, race, or language | |
| A lack of validity | |
| A lack of reliability | |
| A poor interpretation of a student's score |
|
| | | | Time Left | 74
sec(s) |
|
|
| | Question # 16 of 20 | Total Marks: 1 | | If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to ascertain their merit and worth, he is likely conducting which type of research? | | Select correct option: | | | |
| Basic | |
| Applied | |
| Evaluation | |
| Experimental |
|
| | | | Time Left | 74
sec(s) |
|
|
| | Question # 17 of 20 | Total Marks: 1 | | In which way does a ratio scale measurement differ from an interval measurement? | | Select correct option: | | | |
| It measures larger or smaller scores on some underlying dimension. | |
| It implies the existence of an absolute zero value. | |
| It requires the mutual exclusivity of all cases. | |
| It requires that exhaustiveness is applied to all observations. |
|
| | | | Time Left | 52
sec(s) |
|
|
| | Question # 18 of 20 | Total Marks: 1 | | A ________ scale only assigns numbers to objects to classify the objects according to the characteristic of interest. | | Select correct option: | | | |
| Ratio | |
| Nominal | |
| Interval | |
| Dichotomous |
|
| | | | Time Left | 68
sec(s) |
|
|
| | Question # 19 of 20 | Total Marks: 1 | | A review that only demonstrates familiarity with an area is rarely published but it often is part of an educational program is which type of review? | | Select correct option: | | | |
| Integrative reviews | |
| Theoretical reviews | |
| Self-study reviews | |
| Historical reviews |
|
| | | | Time Left | 80
sec(s) |
|
|
| | Question # 20 of 20 | Total Marks: 1 | | What is required if there is a chance that data could harm the respondents? | | Select correct option: | | | |
| Change of results | |
| A signed form detailing the types of limits | |
| Free consent of respondents | |
| All of the given options |
|
| Which of the following is least likely to occur as an ethical problem with e-research? Select correct option:
People are not likely to be able to stop once they have begun participating.
Informed consent cannot be completely monitored.
Debriefing could be avoided.
Privacy could be invaded.
All of these are characteristics of scientific methods of research except, it is;
Select correct option:
Cumulative
Deterministic
Unethical
Rationalism
Which of the following is not an unethical issue?
Select correct option:
Invoicing irregularities
Avoiding legal liability
Misrepresenting results
None of the given options
Research may differ along a series of dimensions. Which of the following may be applied to this statement?
Select correct option:
The type of data collected.
The data-collection technique.
The level of manipulation used to elicit data collection.
All of the given options
Which one of the following creates problems of measurements of a concept?
Select correct option:
Unambiguous meanings
Vague meanings
Clear meanings
Dictionary meanings
What is the basis of the Scientific Method?
Select correct option:
To test hypotheses in conditions that are condusive to its success.
To formulate a research problem and disprove the hypothesis.
To formulate a research problem, test the hypothesis in carefully controlled conditions that challenge the hypothesis.
To test hypotheses and if they are disproved, they should be abandoned completely.
Which of the following is likely to reduce the validity of a test?
Select correct option:
Unclear test directions
Ambiguous test items
Untaught items
All of the given options
One of the preoccupations of quantitative researchers is with generalization, which is a sign of:
Select correct option:
External validity
Internal reliability
External reliability
Internal validity
In the statement 'an examination of the effects of discretionary behaviour on employee performance' employee performance is the:
Select correct option:
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Extraneous variable
Causal variable
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good research topic?
Select correct option:
It is ethical.
It can be investigated through the collection and analysis of data.
It focuses on a philosophical or ethical issue.
It is theoretically or practically significant.
A telephone company is interested in obtaining customers' reactions to a new service package. Which of the following primary research methods would be most effective in reaching this audience to obtain their feedback?
Select correct option:
An Internet survey
Telephone interviews
A mail survey
Focus groups
Which of the following is NOT a longitudinal study?
Select correct option:
Trend study
Census study
Panel study
Cohort study
Which type of sampling strategy is exemplified by selecting two types of individuals: those who are extremely happy and those who are extremely sad?
Measurement reliability refers to the:
Select correct option:
Accuracy of the scores
Consistency of the scores
Dependency of the scores
Comprehensiveness of the scores
Which of the following is the best hypothesis statement to address the research question, "What impact will the new advertising campaign have on use of Brand B?"
Select correct option:
The new advertising campaign will impact Brand B usage.
The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B trial.
The new advertising campaign will cause increased Brand B usage at the expense of Brand C.
The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B's market penetration.
Quantitative social researchers rarely claim to have established causality because:
Select correct option:
They are more concerned with publishing the results of their reliability tests.
They do not believe that this is an appropriate goal to be striving for.
They keep forgetting which of the variables they have manipulated.
They tend to use cross-sectional designs, which produce only correlations.
Question # 2 of 20 ( Start time: 03:43:48 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Quantitative researcher's preoccupation with generalization is an attempt to:
Select correct option:
Develop the law like findings of the natural sciences.
Boost their chances of publication.
Enhance the internal validity of their research.
Demonstrate the complex techniques of statistical analysis.
Question # 3 of 20 ( Start time: 03:45:13 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is the least obtrusive and most accurate method for recording data in an interview?
Select correct option:
Note taking
Videotaping
Audiotaping
Writing notes after the interview
Question # 4 of 20 ( Start time: 03:46:41 PM ) Total Marks: 1
A researcher developed a measure of shyness and is now asking whether this measure does in fact measure a person's true state of shyness. This is a question of:
Select correct option:
Reactivity
Construct validity
Reliability
Content validity
Question # 5 of 20 ( Start time: 03:48:01 PM ) Total Marks: 1
A variable is:
Select correct option:
Any characteristic of interest that can take on more than one value
Defined as the groups manipulated in experimental research
The complete set of scores we use in statistical analysis
Completely specified only in observational research
Question # 15 of 20 ( Start time: 03:58:22 PM ) Total Marks: 1
All of the following are true about theories, except;
Select correct option:
They organize and summarize existing knowledge about a topic.
They are tentative until the facts prove them true.
They provide possible explanations for the phenomenon under study.
They lead to testable hypotheses through the process of deduction.
Question # 16 of 20 ( Start time: 03:59:44 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is an example of an issue that would be checked in a pilot testing?
Select correct option:
Completion of all questions on a questionnaire
Legible writing
Single responses to all multiple choice questions
Logical answers between questions (i.e., attributes should be rated high if purchase interest is high)
Which of the following is least likely to occur as an ethical problem with e-research?
Select correct option:
People are not likely to be able to stop once they have begun participating.
Informed consent cannot be completely monitored.
Debriefing could be avoided.
Privacy could be invaded.
All of these are characteristics of scientific methods of research except, it is;
Select correct option:
Cumulative
Deterministic
Unethical
Rationalism
Which of the following is not an unethical issue?
Select correct option:
Invoicing irregularities
Avoiding legal liability
Misrepresenting results
None of the given options
Research may differ along a series of dimensions. Which of the following may be applied to this statement?
Select correct option:
The type of data collected.
The data-collection technique.
The level of manipulation used to elicit data collection.
All of the given options
Which one of the following creates problems of measurements of a concept?
Select correct option:
Unambiguous meanings
Vague meanings
Clear meanings
Dictionary meanings
What is the basis of the Scientific Method?
Select correct option:
To test hypotheses in conditions that are condusive to its success.
To formulate a research problem and disprove the hypothesis.
To formulate a research problem, test the hypothesis in carefully controlled conditions that challenge the hypothesis.
To test hypotheses and if they are disproved, they should be abandoned completely.
Which of the following is likely to reduce the validity of a test?
Select correct option:
Unclear test directions
Ambiguous test items
Untaught items
All of the given options
One of the preoccupations of quantitative researchers is with generalization, which is a sign of:
Select correct option:
External validity
Internal reliability
External reliability
Internal validity
In the statement 'an examination of the effects of discretionary behaviour on employee performance' employee performance is the:
Select correct option:
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Extraneous variable
Causal variable
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good research topic?
Select correct option:
It is ethical.
It can be investigated through the collection and analysis of data.
It focuses on a philosophical or ethical issue.
It is theoretically or practically significant.
A telephone company is interested in obtaining customers' reactions to a new service package. Which of the following primary research methods would be most effective in reaching this audience to obtain their feedback?
Select correct option:
An Internet survey
Telephone interviews
A mail survey
Focus groups
Which of the following is NOT a longitudinal study?
Select correct option:
Trend study
Census study
Panel study
Cohort study
Which type of sampling strategy is exemplified by selecting two types of individuals: those who are extremely happy and those who are extremely sad?
Intensity
Measurement reliability refers to the:
Select correct option:
Accuracy of the scores
Consistency of the scores
Dependency of the scores
Comprehensiveness of the scores
Which of the following is the best hypothesis statement to address the research question, "What impact will the new advertising campaign have on use of Brand B?"
Select correct option:
The new advertising campaign will impact Brand B usage.
The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B trial.
The new advertising campaign will cause increased Brand B usage at the expense of Brand C.
The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B's market penetration.
Quantitative social researchers rarely claim to have established causality because:
Select correct option:
They are more concerned with publishing the results of their reliability tests.
They do not believe that this is an appropriate goal to be striving for.
They keep forgetting which of the variables they have manipulated.
They tend to use cross-sectional designs, which produce only correlations.
Question # 2 of 20 ( Start time: 03:43:48 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Quantitative researcher's preoccupation with generalization is an attempt to:
Select correct option:
Develop the law like findings of the natural sciences.
Boost their chances of publication.
Enhance the internal validity of their research.
Demonstrate the complex techniques of statistical analysis.
Question # 3 of 20 ( Start time: 03:45:13 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is the least obtrusive and most accurate method for recording data in an interview?
Select correct option:
Note taking
Videotaping
Audiotaping
Writing notes after the interview
Question # 4 of 20 ( Start time: 03:46:41 PM ) Total Marks: 1
A researcher developed a measure of shyness and is now asking whether this measure does in fact measure a person's true state of shyness. This is a question of:
Select correct option:
Reactivity
Construct validity
Reliability
Content validity
Question # 5 of 20 ( Start time: 03:48:01 PM ) Total Marks: 1
A variable is:
Select correct option:
Any characteristic of interest that can take on more than one value
Defined as the groups manipulated in experimental research
The complete set of scores we use in statistical analysis
Completely specified only in observational research
Question # 15 of 20 ( Start time: 03:58:22 PM ) Total Marks: 1
All of the following are true about theories, except;
Select correct option:
They organize and summarize existing knowledge about a topic.
They are tentative until the facts prove them true.
They provide possible explanations for the phenomenon under study.
They lead to testable hypotheses through the process of deduction.
Question # 16 of 20 ( Start time: 03:59:44 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is an example of an issue that would be checked in a pilot testing?
Select correct option:
Completion of all questions on a questionnaire
Legible writing
Single responses to all multiple choice questions
Logical answers between questions (i.e., attributes should be rated high if purchase interest is high)
Question # 20 of 20 ( Start time: 07:56:31 PM ) Total Marks: 1
To say that a theory is falsifiable is to say that;
Select correct option:
It is based on results that are not replicable.
Investigators have replaced it with a simpler or more accurate theory.
We can imagine results that would contradict it.
It is so vague that it fits any and all possible results.
Question # 19 of 20 ( Start time: 07:55:48 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Why does qualitative interviewing have an advantage over participant observation when it comes to longitudinal research?
Select correct option:
Repeat interviews are easier to organise.
It allows for a better exploration of key issues.
It is a more focused research method.
Participant observers are prone to 'go native' during longitudinal research.
Question # 18 of 20 ( Start time: 07:55:23 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is the least obtrusive and most accurate method for recording data in an interview?
Select correct option:
Note taking
Videotaping
Audiotaping
Writing notes after the interview
Question # 17 of 20 ( Start time: 07:54:49 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Mr. Haris is interested in studying the shared beliefs and practices of the teachers in a small rural school. He is likely to use which research design?
Select correct option:
Action research
Historical research
Ethnography
Grounded theory
Question # 16 of 20 ( Start time: 07:53:28 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is an example of an issue that would be checked in a pilot testing?
Select correct option:
Completion of all questions on a questionnaire
Legible writing
Single responses to all multiple choice questions
Logical answers between questions (i.e., attributes should be rated high if purchase interest is high)
Question # 15 of 20 ( Start time: 07:52:51 PM ) Total Marks: 1
What is the basis of the Scientific Method?
Select correct option:
To test hypotheses in conditions that are condusive to its success.
To formulate a research problem and disprove the hypothesis.
To formulate a research problem, test the hypothesis in carefully controlled conditions that challenge the hypothesis.
To test hypotheses and if they are disproved, they should be abandoned completely.
Question # 14 of 20 ( Start time: 07:51:30 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which one of the following is not an assumption of science?
Select correct option:
There are reoccurring patterns in the world.
Events happen because of preceding causes.
We can discover solutions to problems of interest.
Theoretical explanations must agree with common sense.
Question # 13 of 20 ( Start time: 07:50:38 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is an advantage of open questions?
Select correct option:
They allow respondents to answer in their own terms.
They prevent respondents from giving unusual answers.
They allow respondents to put less effort into their answer.
They allow respondents to code their answers in advance.
Question # 12 of 20 ( Start time: 07:50:05 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Detailed and unambiguous instructions are particularly important for:
Select correct option:
Computer-assisted telephone surveys
Mail surveys
Computer-assisted personal interviews
Internet surveys
Question # 11 of 20 ( Start time: 07:48:40 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is not a feature of theoretical framework?
Select correct option:
Making an inventory of variables
Specify the direction of relationship
Presenting findings
Making an inventory of propositions
Question # 10 of 20 ( Start time: 07:47:59 PM ) Total Marks: 1
What type of sample involves some form of random selection so that every member of the sampling frame has an equal, non-zero chance of being included in the sample?
Select correct option:
Probability sample
Zero-bias sample
All-inclusive sample
Non-probability sample
Question # 9 of 20 ( Start time: 07:47:39 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Research may differ along a series of dimensions. Which of the following may be applied to this statement?
Select correct option:
The type of data collected.
The data-collection technique.
The level of manipulation used to elicit data collection.
All of the given options
Question # 8 of 20 ( Start time: 07:47:14 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Procedures determining what two issues are rarely used in quantitative research?
Select correct option:
Objectivity and subjectivity
Reliability and validity
Accessibility and replicability
Quality and quantity
Question # 7 of 20 ( Start time: 07:46:50 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Quantitative social researchers rarely claim to have established causality because:
Select correct option:
They are more concerned with publishing the results of their reliability tests.
They do not believe that this is an appropriate goal to be striving for.
They keep forgetting which of the variables they have manipulated.
They tend to use cross-sectional designs, which produce only correlations.
Question # 6 of 20 ( Start time: 07:46:23 PM ) Total Marks: 1
The independent variable is;
Select correct option:
The variable manipulated in order to observe its effects
The variable that is measured
The free spirited variable
A confounding variable
Question # 5 of 20 ( Start time: 07:45:43 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is not an unethical issue?
Select correct option:
Invoicing irregularities
Avoiding legal liability
Misrepresenting results
None of the given options
Question # 4 of 20 ( Start time: 07:44:54 PM ) Total Marks: 1
All the persons involved in the collection of data and supervision of data collection process are called;
Select correct option:
Fieldworkers
Researchers
Research assistants
None of the given options
Question # 3 of 20 ( Start time: 07:43:28 PM ) Total Marks: 1
What is ordinal data?
Select correct option:
Ordinary data
Well behaved data
Ranked data
Numbers
Question # 2 of 20 ( Start time: 07:42:59 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is an example of deception in business research?
Select correct option:
The obtaining of company material without permission.
The researcher wearing a disguise during an observation.
The researcher representing their research as being about a different topic.
The researcher failing to ask permission to interview someone.
Question # 1 of 20 ( Start time: 07:42:29 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Time consumed in mall intercept interview is---------------.
Select correct option:
High
Moderate
Low
Nil
A literature review requires; | | Select correct option: | |
| planning |
| clear writing |
| good writing |
| All of the given option |
|
One of the preoccupations of quantitative researchers is with generalization, which is a sign of: | | Select correct option: | |
| External validity |
| Internal reliability |
| External reliability |
| Internal validity |
|
What is the basis of the Scientific Method? | | Select correct option: | |
| To test hypotheses in conditions that are condusive to its success. |
| To formulate a research problem and disprove the hypothesis. |
| To formulate a research problem, test the hypothesis in carefully controlled conditions that challenge the hypothesis. |
| To test hypotheses and if they are disproved, they should be abandoned completely. |
|
One of the preoccupations of quantitative researchers is with generalization, which is a sign of: | | Select correct option: | |
| External validity |
| Internal reliability |
| External reliability |
| Internal validity |
|
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good research topic? | | Select correct option: | |
| It is ethical. |
| It can be investigated through the collection and analysis of data. |
| It focuses on a philosophical or ethical issue. |
| It is theoretically or practically significant. |
|
If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to ascertain their merit and worth, he is likely conducting which type of research?
Select correct option:
| Basic |
| Applied |
| Evaluation |
| Experimental |
The extent to which we can generalize the results of a study to other participants is called:
Select correct option:
| Sampling validity |
| External validity |
| Construct validity |
| Internal validity |
Procedures determining what two issues are rarely used in quantitative research? | | Select correct option: | |
| Objectivity and subjectivity |
| Reliability and validity |
| Accessibility and replicability |
| Quality and quantity
for more contents visit |
|
To explain, predict, and/or control phenomena are the goal of---------------------- | | Select correct option: | |
| Tradition |
| Inductive logic |
| Deductive logic |
| The scientific method |
|
To say that a theory is falsifiable is to say that;
Select correct option:
| It is based on results that are not replicable. |
| Investigators have replaced it with a simpler or more accurate theory. |
| We can imagine results that would contradict it. |
| It is so vague that it fits any and all possible results. |
When doing research involving deception with human subjects,
researchers have an obligation to do which of the following? | | Select correct option: | |
| Tell subjects the truth about the study's purpose and methods after the study is completed |
| Prevent mental and physical harm to subjects |
| Let subjects withdraw from the study at any time if they don't want to keep participating |
| All of the given options |
|
Which of the following is the least appropriate research problem? | | Select correct option: | |
| Does studying Latin improve the standardized vocabulary test scores of seventh grade students? |
| Does drilling fifth grade students with multiplication facts improve their standardized test scores? |
| What is the relationship between students' math attitudes and math achievement? |
| Should students have access to controversial novels in school? |
| If a researcher was studying the use of various instructional approaches to the "multiple intelligences" of his students, he is likely to be conducting which type of research? | | Select correct option: | |
| Basic |
| Applied |
| Evaluation |
| Grounded theory
for
more contents visit
|
|
What is the final step of a scientific investigation? | | Select correct option: | |
| Analyze data |
| Collect data |
| Report the findings |
| Determine whether the hypothesis was supported |
|
Research questions are crucial because they will: | | Select correct option: | |
| Guide your decisions about what data to collect and from where. |
| Help you decide which research area interests you. |
| Ensure that your findings have external validity. |
| Prevent you from thinking about research strategies. |
|
Which of the following is the best hypothesis statement to address the research question, "What impact will the new advertising campaign have on use of Brand B?" | | Select correct option: | |
| The new advertising campaign will impact Brand B usage. |
| The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B trial. |
| The new advertising campaign will cause increased Brand B usage at the expense of Brand C. |
| The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B's market penetration. |
|
What is the reason for consulting handbooks, yearbooks, encyclopedias, or reviews in the initial stages of identifying a research topic? | | Select correct option: | |
| They are readily available. |
| They provide an overview of the issues related to a topic. |
| They are primary sources. |
| They avoid reporting statistical data so one can interpret the results more easily. |
|
Ms. Laiba has decided to use the test at the end of the textbook to measure the achievement levels of the students in her study. Which of the following BEST describes the chapter test? | | Select correct option: | |
| Definition |
| Construct |
| Variable |
| Operationalized variable |
|
Which of the following is least likely to occur as an ethical problem with e-research?
Select correct option:
| People are not likely to be able to stop once they have begun participating. |
| Informed consent cannot be completely monitored. |
| Debriefing could be avoided. |
| Privacy could be invaded. |
When we say that science is parsimonious, we mean that: | | Select correct option: | |
| Scientific theories are based on laws. |
| We must be careful because causes can occur after specific effects. |
| The best scientific theories are those that offer the simplest explanations for a law. |
| Science accurately describes a wide range of behavior.
|
|
Question # 20 of 20 ( Start time: 01:35:18 AM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is NOT an unethical issue?
Select correct option:
Invoicing irregularities
Avoiding legal liability
Misrepresenting results
Seek approval for research
Question # 19 of 20 ( Start time: 01:33:59 AM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is NOT a type of Non-random sampling?
Select correct option:
Cluster sampling
Convenience sampling
Quota sampling
Purposive sampling
Question # 18 of 20 ( Start time: 01:32:38 AM ) Total Marks: 1
Which one of the following is not an assumption of science?
Select correct option:
There are reoccurring patterns in the world.
Events happen because of preceding causes.
We can discover solutions to problems of interest.
Theoretical explanations must agree with common sense.
Question # 17 of 20 ( Start time: 01:32:14 AM ) Total Marks: 1
After a researcher has stated the specific problem to be studied in an experiment, he must then develop a(n):
Select correct option:
Theory
Conclusion
Hypothesis
Summary of the data
Question # 16 of 20 ( Start time: 01:31:34 AM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is the best hypothesis statement to address the research question, "What impact will the new advertising campaign have on use of Brand B?"
Select correct option:
The new advertising campaign will impact Brand B usage.
The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B trial.
The new advertising campaign will cause increased Brand B usage at the expense of Brand C.
The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B's market penetration.
Question # 15 of 20 ( Start time: 01:30:13 AM ) Total Marks: 1
A one tailed hypothesis predicts-----------
Select correct option:
The future
The lottery result
The frequency of the effect
The direction of the effect
Setting quotas for hard-to-reach respondents is one way to minimize _______ bias.
Select correct option:
Interviewer
Respondent
Instrument
Sampling
Question # 13 of 20 ( Start time: 01:27:29 AM ) Total Marks: 1
The organization of concepts in sequence from the most concrete and individual to the most general indicates is:
Select correct option:
One that bears no relation to the underlying concept.
An abstract, theoretical definition of a concept.
The degree of abstraction
An operational definition
Question # 12 of 20 ( Start time: 01:26:04 AM ) Total Marks: 1
What is the purpose of a control *****?
Select correct option:
Make the experiment easier to analyze
Show the value of the dependent variable when the independent variable is not being manipulated
To be able to better evaluate the effect of the independent variable
To control all variables
Question # 11 of 20 ( Start time: 01:24:42 AM ) Total Marks: 1
A measure has high internal consistency reliability when:
Select correct option:
Multiple observers make the same ratings using the measure.
Participants score at the high end of the scale every time they complete the measure.
Multiple observers obtain the same score every time they use the measure.
Each of the items correlates with other items on the measure.
Question # 10 of 20 ( Start time: 01:24:22 AM ) Total Marks: 1
The purpose of a literature review is to:
Select correct option:
Help you find out what is already known about this area.
Identify any inconsistencies or gaps in the literature.
Demonstrate an awareness of the theoretical context in which the current study can be located.
Find what is already known, identify gaps demonstrate awareness.
Question # 9 of 20 ( Start time: 01:23:17 AM ) Total Marks: 1
The extent to which we can generalize the results of a study to other participants is called:
Select correct option:
Sampling validity
External validity
Construct validity
Internal validity
Question # 8 of 20 ( Start time: 01:21:56 AM ) Total Marks: 1
Why, as scientists, do we not want to rely on authority for explanations?
Select correct option:
Those in authority are often wrong.
Those in authority cannot be challenged.
Those in authority rely too much on objective information.
Those in authority often have no common sense.
A ________ scale only assigns numbers to objects to classify the objects according to the characteristic of interest.
Select correct option:
Ratio
Nominal
Interval
Dichotomous
Question # 6 of 20 ( Start time: 01:20:06 AM ) Total Marks: 1
You wish to make a precise estimate about the characteristics of a population of individuals. You should use:
Select correct option:
Quota sampling
Probability sampling
Accidental sampling
Snowball sampling
Question # 5 of 20 ( Start time: 01:19:35 AM ) Total Marks: 1
Conditions favoring the use of a sample over a census include a:
Select correct option:
Long time frame
Small budget
High cost of sampling errors
Low cost of non-sampling errors
Question # 4 of 20 ( Start time: 01:18:15 AM ) Total Marks: 1
A variable is:
Select correct option:
Any characteristic of interest that can take on more than one value
Defined as the groups manipulated in experimental research
The complete set of scores we use in statistical analysis
Completely specified only in observational research
Question # 3 of 20 ( Start time: 01:17:40 AM ) Total Marks: 1
In the statement 'an examination of the effects of discretionary behaviour on employee performance' employee performance is the:
Select correct option:
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Extraneous variable
Causal variable
Question # 2 of 20 ( Start time: 01:16:41 AM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following issues should NOT be mentioned in an introductory statement?
Select correct option:
The information will be kept confidential
What the findings of the research are?
Who is funding the research?
Why the respondent has been chosen?
Question # 1 of 20 ( Start time: 01:15:16 AM ) Total Marks: 1
Which measure of dispersion is easiest to calculate? Standard deviation?
Select correct option:
Mean
Range
Median
Mode
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 88
sec(s)
Question # 1 of 20 ( Start time: 07:19:56 PM ) Total Marks: 1
What is the variable called that a researcher manipulates in an experiment?
Select correct option:
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Extraneous variable
None of the given options
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 87
sec(s)
Question # 2 of 20 ( Start time: 07:21:16 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following statements is false?
Select correct option:
Discrete variables allow measurement of an infinite number of fractions of units of measurement.
Discrete variables can only have whole number values.
Continuous numbers can only have whole number values.
Continuous measures do not allow for scores that fall between two number values.
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 88
sec(s)
Question # 3 of 20 ( Start time: 07:22:46 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is a concept?
Select correct option:
Leadership.
Total Quality Management.
Human Resource Management.
All of the given options
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 89
sec(s)
Question # 4 of 20 ( Start time: 07:23:38 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is not an unethical issue?
Select correct option:
Invoicing irregularities
Avoiding legal liability
Misrepresenting results
None of the given options
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 88
sec(s)
Question # 5 of 20 ( Start time: 07:25:54 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is NOT a longitudinal study?
Select correct option:
Trend study
Census study
Panel study
Cohort study
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 88
sec(s)
Question # 6 of 20 ( Start time: 07:27:00 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Research may differ along a series of dimensions. Which of the following may be applied to this statement?
Select correct option:
The type of data collected.
The data-collection technique.
The level of manipulation used to elicit data collection.
All of the given options
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 89
sec(s)
Question # 7 of 20 ( Start time: 07:28:29 PM ) Total Marks: 1
What type of sample involves some form of random selection so that every member of the sampling frame has an equal, non-zero chance of being included in the sample?
Select correct option:
Probability sample
Zero-bias sample
All-inclusive sample
Non-probability sample
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 83
sec(s)
Question # 8 of 20 ( Start time: 07:29:58 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is a measure of inflation?
Select correct option:
Scale
Consumer price index
Weighting
Unidimensionality
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 86
sec(s)
Question # 9 of 20 ( Start time: 07:30:50 PM ) Total Marks: 1
All the persons involved in the collection of data and supervision of data collection process are called;
Select correct option:
Fieldworkers
Researchers
Research assistants
None of the given options
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 86
sec(s)
Question # 10 of 20 ( Start time: 07:32:03 PM ) Total Marks: 1
What is the reason for consulting handbooks, yearbooks, encyclopedias, or reviews in the initial stages of identifying a research topic?
Select correct option:
They are readily available.
They provide an overview of the issues related to a topic.
They are primary sources.
They avoid reporting statistical data so one can interpret the results more easily.
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 84
sec(s)
Question # 11 of 20 ( Start time: 07:33:10 PM ) Total Marks: 1
The findings from a study of decision making processes within a UK financial services company can be generalized to:
Select correct option:
Decision making processes in all financial services companies
Decision making processes in the all UK companies
Decision making processes in the researched companies
Companies all over the world
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 83
sec(s)
Question # 12 of 20 ( Start time: 07:34:32 PM ) Total Marks: 1
A measure has high internal consistency reliability when:
Select correct option:
Multiple observers make the same ratings using the measure.
Participants score at the high end of the scale every time they complete the measure.
Multiple observers obtain the same score every time they use the measure.
Each of the items correlates with other items on the measure.
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 84
sec(s)
Question # 13 of 20 ( Start time: 07:35:58 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Why do you need to review the existing literature?
Select correct option:
To give your dissertation a proper academic appearance, with lots of references
Because without it, you could never reach the required word-count
To find out what is already known about your area of interest
To help in your general studying
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 86
sec(s)
Question # 14 of 20 ( Start time: 07:37:11 PM ) Total Marks: 1
The logic of qualitative data analysis is described as:
Select correct option:
Objective
Subjective
Inductive
Deductive
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 86
sec(s)
Question # 14 of 20 ( Start time: 07:37:11 PM ) Total Marks: 1
The logic of qualitative data analysis is described as:
Select correct option:
Objective
Subjective
Inductive
Deductive
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 86
sec(s)
Question # 15 of 20 ( Start time: 07:38:37 PM ) Total Marks: 1
A researcher developed a measure of shyness and is now asking whether this measure does in fact measure a person's true state of shyness. This is a question of:
Select correct option:
Reactivity
Construct validity
Reliability
Content validity
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 83
sec(s)
Question # 16 of 20 ( Start time: 07:39:22 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is a measure in which a researcher adds or combines several distinct indicators of a construct into a single score?
Select correct option:
Scale
Index
Unidimensionality
Weighting
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 88
sec(s)
Question # 17 of 20 ( Start time: 07:40:28 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following terms refers to a statistical method that can be used to statistically equate groups on a pretest or some other variable?
Select correct option:
Experimental control
Differential influence
Matching
Analysis of covariance
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 82
sec(s)
Question # 18 of 20 ( Start time: 07:41:37 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Cover letter must include the following information, except:
Select correct option:
How was the respondent selected?
Data collecting tools
Motivation for the respondent
Importance of research topic which is going to be conducted
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 86
sec(s)
Question # 19 of 20 ( Start time: 07:43:04 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Statistics are used by researchers to:
Select correct option:
Analyze the empirical data collected in a study
Make their findings sound better
Operationally define their variables
Ensure the study comes out the way it was intended
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 85
sec(s)
Question # 20 of 20 ( Start time: 07:44:21 PM ) Total Marks: 1
What is an hypothesis?
Select correct option:
A prediction of a relationship between certain variables.
An experiment that tests certain predictions.
An independent variable.
A dependent variable.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 88
sec(s)
Question # 1 of 20 ( Start time: 07:19:56 PM ) Total Marks: 1
What is the variable called that a researcher manipulates in an experiment?
Select correct option:
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Extraneous variable
None of the given options
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 87
sec(s)
Question # 2 of 20 ( Start time: 07:21:16 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following statements is false?
Select correct option:
Discrete variables allow measurement of an infinite number of fractions of units of measurement.
Discrete variables can only have whole number values.
Continuous numbers can only have whole number values.
Continuous measures do not allow for scores that fall between two number values.
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 88
sec(s)
Question # 3 of 20 ( Start time: 07:22:46 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is a concept?
Select correct option:
Leadership.
Total Quality Management.
Human Resource Management.
All of the given options
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 89
sec(s)
Question # 4 of 20 ( Start time: 07:23:38 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is not an unethical issue?
Select correct option:
Invoicing irregularities
Avoiding legal liability
Misrepresenting results
None of the given options
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 88
sec(s)
Question # 5 of 20 ( Start time: 07:25:54 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is NOT a longitudinal study?
Select correct option:
Trend study
Census study
Panel study
Cohort study
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 88
sec(s)
Question # 6 of 20 ( Start time: 07:27:00 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Research may differ along a series of dimensions. Which of the following may be applied to this statement?
Select correct option:
The type of data collected.
The data-collection technique.
The level of manipulation used to elicit data collection.
All of the given options
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 89
sec(s)
Question # 7 of 20 ( Start time: 07:28:29 PM ) Total Marks: 1
What type of sample involves some form of random selection so that every member of the sampling frame has an equal, non-zero chance of being included in the sample?
Select correct option:
Probability sample
Zero-bias sample
All-inclusive sample
Non-probability sample
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 83
sec(s)
Question # 8 of 20 ( Start time: 07:29:58 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is a measure of inflation?
Select correct option:
Scale
Consumer price index
Weighting
Unidimensionality
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 86
sec(s)
Question # 9 of 20 ( Start time: 07:30:50 PM ) Total Marks: 1
All the persons involved in the collection of data and supervision of data collection process are called;
Select correct option:
Fieldworkers
Researchers
Research assistants
None of the given options
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 86
sec(s)
Question # 10 of 20 ( Start time: 07:32:03 PM ) Total Marks: 1
What is the reason for consulting handbooks, yearbooks, encyclopedias, or reviews in the initial stages of identifying a research topic?
Select correct option:
They are readily available.
They provide an overview of the issues related to a topic.
They are primary sources.
They avoid reporting statistical data so one can interpret the results more easily.
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 84
sec(s)
Question # 11 of 20 ( Start time: 07:33:10 PM ) Total Marks: 1
The findings from a study of decision making processes within a UK financial services company can be generalized to:
Select correct option:
Decision making processes in all financial services companies
Decision making processes in the all UK companies
Decision making processes in the researched companies
Companies all over the world
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 83
sec(s)
Question # 12 of 20 ( Start time: 07:34:32 PM ) Total Marks: 1
A measure has high internal consistency reliability when:
Select correct option:
Multiple observers make the same ratings using the measure.
Participants score at the high end of the scale every time they complete the measure.
Multiple observers obtain the same score every time they use the measure.
Each of the items correlates with other items on the measure.
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 84
sec(s)
Question # 13 of 20 ( Start time: 07:35:58 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Why do you need to review the existing literature?
Select correct option:
To give your dissertation a proper academic appearance, with lots of references
Because without it, you could never reach the required word-count
To find out what is already known about your area of interest
To help in your general studying
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 86
sec(s)
Question # 14 of 20 ( Start time: 07:37:11 PM ) Total Marks: 1
The logic of qualitative data analysis is described as:
Select correct option:
Objective
Subjective
Inductive
Deductive
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 86
sec(s)
Question # 14 of 20 ( Start time: 07:37:11 PM ) Total Marks: 1
The logic of qualitative data analysis is described as:
Select correct option:
Objective
Subjective
Inductive
Deductive
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 86
sec(s)
Question # 15 of 20 ( Start time: 07:38:37 PM ) Total Marks: 1
A researcher developed a measure of shyness and is now asking whether this measure does in fact measure a person's true state of shyness. This is a question of:
Select correct option:
Reactivity
Construct validity
Reliability
Content validity
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 83
sec(s)
Question # 16 of 20 ( Start time: 07:39:22 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is a measure in which a researcher adds or combines several distinct indicators of a construct into a single score?
Select correct option:
Scale
Index
Unidimensionality
Weighting
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 88
sec(s)
Question # 17 of 20 ( Start time: 07:40:28 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following terms refers to a statistical method that can be used to statistically equate groups on a pretest or some other variable?
Select correct option:
Experimental control
Differential influence
Matching
Analysis of covariance
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 82
sec(s)
Question # 18 of 20 ( Start time: 07:41:37 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Cover letter must include the following information, except:
Select correct option:
How was the respondent selected?
Data collecting tools
Motivation for the respondent
Importance of research topic which is going to be conducted
.
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 86
sec(s)
Question # 19 of 20 ( Start time: 07:43:04 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Statistics are used by researchers to:
Select correct option:
Analyze the empirical data collected in a study
Make their findings sound better
Operationally define their variables
Ensure the study comes out the way it was intended
Quiz Start Time: 07:19 PM Time Left 85
sec(s)
Question # 20 of 20 ( Start time: 07:44:21 PM ) Total Marks: 1
What is an hypothesis?
Select correct option:
A prediction of a relationship between certain variables.
An experiment that tests certain predictions.
An independent variable.
A dependent variable.
Question # 1 of 20 ( Start time: 01:57:02 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is not example of historical comparative research?
Select correct option:
Social Forms
Turnover
Civil Wars
Economic Forms
Question # 2 of 20 ( Start time: 01:58:24 PM ) Total Marks: 1
What is ordinal data?
Select correct option:
Ordinary data
Well behaved data
Ranked data
Numbers
Question # 3 of 20 ( Start time: 01:59:57 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following number of variables involved in Descriptive Statistics?
Select correct option:
Bivariate
Multivariate
Univariate
All of the given options
Question # 4 of 20 ( Start time: 02:00:34 PM ) Total Marks: 1
If a nominal scale is used, it is permissible to calculate which of the following statistics?
Select correct option:
Mean
Range
Percentile
Mode
Question # 5 of 20 ( Start time: 02:02:04 PM ) Total Marks: 1
A literature review requires;
Select correct option:
planning
clear writing
good writing
All of the given option
Question # 6 of 20 ( Start time: 02:03:26 PM ) Total Marks: 1
How can we determine if a test has good validity?
Select correct option:
It produces the same result when it is given at different times to the same ***** of people
It produces the same result no matter which version of the test is used
It measures what it is supposed to measure
All of the questions on it can be answered accurately by the subject
Question # 7 of 20 ( Start time: 02:04:46 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following steps of the scientific method is exemplified by the researcher reviewing the literature and focusing on a specific problem that has yet to be resolved?
Select correct option:
Identify a topic.
Describe the procedures to collect information.
Analyze the collected information.
State the results of the data analysis.
Question # 8 of 20 ( Start time: 02:06:15 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following terms refers to a statistical method that can be used to statistically equate groups on a pretest or some other variable?
Select correct option:
Experimental control
Differential influence
Matching
Analysis of covariance
Question # 9 of 20 ( Start time: 02:07:40 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following would NOT NECESSARILY be an assigned variable?
Select correct option:
Self-concept
Participation in extracurricular activities
Attitude toward school
Father's level of education
Question # 10 of 20 ( Start time: 02:08:57 PM ) Total Marks: 1
_________ meanings attached to a concept create problems of measurements.
Select correct option:
Unambiguous
Vague
Clear
Dictionary
Question # 11 of 20 ( Start time: 02:09:59 PM ) Total Marks: 1
When doing research involving deception with human subjects, researchers have an obligation to do which of the following?
Select correct option:
Tell subjects the truth about the study’s purpose and methods after the study is completed
Prevent mental and physical harm to subjects
Let subjects withdraw from the study at any time if they don’t want to keep participating
All of the given options
Question # 12 of 20 ( Start time: 02:11:19 PM ) Total Marks: 1
How is nominal data presented?
Select correct option:
In order
In discrete categories
Units of equal distance
Data where there is a true zero
Question # 13 of 20 ( Start time: 02:12:44 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Preliminary Data Collection may be considered as part of ----------------.
Select correct option:
Descriptive research
Explananory research
Exploratory research
All of the given options
Question # 14 of 20 ( Start time: 02:13:33 PM ) Total Marks: 1
What type of process research is?
Select correct option:
A process to discover the truth
A process to invent the machines
A process to make new medicines
A process to create theories
Question # 15 of 20 ( Start time: 02:15:01 PM ) Total Marks: 1
The findings from a study of decision making processes within a UK financial services company can be generalized to:
Select correct option:
Decision making processes in all financial services companies
Decision making processes in the all UK companies
Decision making processes in the researched companies
Companies all over the world
Question # 16 of 20 ( Start time: 02:16:31 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following refers to the partials replicate or reproduce the same relationship that existed in the bivariate table before considering the control variable?
Select correct option:
Replication pattern
Specification pattern
Suppressor variable pattern
Negative linear relationship
Question # 17 of 20 ( Start time: 02:17:36 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is a measure in which a researcher adds or combines several distinct indicators of a construct into a single score?
Select correct option:
Scale
Index
Unidimensionality
Weighting
Question # 18 of 20 ( Start time: 02:19:04 PM ) Total Marks: 1
What is the main purpose of pilot testing?
Select correct option:
To accumulate responses
To identify respondent
To identify potential problems
To evaluate the research
Question # 19 of 20 ( Start time: 02:20:30 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Why might qualitative researchers regard interviewing an attractive alternative to participant observation?
Select correct option:
It is easier to accommodate into the researchers personal life
It reduces the problem of reactivity
It is a considerably less time-consuming process
It gives a better insight into the day to day functioning of the research site
Question # 20 of 20 ( Start time: 02:22:01 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which measure of dispersion is easiest to calculate? Standard deviation?
Select correct option:
Mean
Range
Median
Mode
1. A researcher was interested in studying why the "new math" of the 1960s failed. She interviews several teachers who used the new math during the 1960s. These teachers are considered:
a. Primary sources
b. Secondary Sources
c. External critics
d. Internal critics
2. The process of dealing with concerns over the authenticity of a source is referred to as:
a. Sourcing
b. Internal criticism
c. Secondary criticism
d. External criticism
3. A researcher studying the history of medical education finds a manuscript that purports to be from the 14th century. Before he uses the source, he goes to three other experts who help him identify whether the manuscript is authentic or not. His authentification of the object is referred to as:
a. Positive criticism
b. Internal criticism
c. Secondary criticism
d. External criticism
4. A historical researcher studying the implementation of the "new math" during the 1960s uses as a source a text written on the subject by a critic who was a mathematics teacher during that time period. As she examines the document, she discovers that the data that the individual based his or her conclusions on was falsified. Hence, the conclusions drawn were erroneous. Her analysis of the document to check its accuracy is referred to as:
a. Positive criticism
b. Internal criticism
c. External criticism
d. Secondary criticism
5. A researcher is interested in studying approaches to teaching writing in schools during the 1800s. She discovers a grammar book, but there is no author or copyright date in the book. She examines the typeface in the book as well as the writing style. After investigating further, she finds a reference to the book from a teacher's diary from the 1800s. The diary also mentions an author's name. After further searching around she is able to identify the author of the book. The investigator was engaged in what process?
a. Sourcing
b. Positive criticism
c. Presentism
d. Axial coding6. Historical research is conducted for which of the following reasons?
6. Historical research is conducted for which of the following reasons?
a. To identify the relationship that the past has to the present
b. To evaluate and record accomplishments of individuals or entities
c. To enhance understanding of the culture in which we live
d. To uncover the unknown
e. All of the above
7. Historical research is interpretative.
a. True
b. False
8. The following is a step in the process of historical research?
a. Preparing a report or narrative exposition
b. Identifying a research topic and formulation of the research problem or question
c. Data synthesis
d. Data collection and/or literature review
e. All of the above
9. Oral histories can be based on ______.
a. Interviews with people
b. Stories and tales
c. Songs
d. All of the above
10. In historical research, a primary source _________.
a. Consists of first hand accounts by witnesses to events
b. Can consist of sources that include original maps, diaries, transcripts of the minutes of a
meeting, and photographs
c. Both a and b
11. In historical research secondary sources are _________.
a. Generally considered more useful that primary sources
b. Generally considered less useful than primary sources
12. In evaluating historical research sources, external criticism ________.
a. Can involve the use of carbon dating and handwriting experts
b. Helps determine the validity, trustworthiness or authenticity of a source
c. Can involve use of historical linguists' knowledgeable with the writing style of the period
d. All of the above
13. Contextualization refers to the process of identifying when and where an event took place.
a. True
b. False
14. The process of determining the reliability or accuracy of the information contained in the sources collected is known as ______.
a. External criticism
b. Internal criticism
c. Vagueness
d. Presentism
15. Presentism in historical sources ________.
a. Is the presence of the author in a historical source
b. Is a first-hand accounts of events
c. Is the assumption that the present-day connotations of terms also existed in the past
d. Is the assumption that the past influences the present
16. "Comparing document to each other to determine whether they provide the same information or reach the same conclusion" is known as ________.
a. Contextualization
b. Sourcing
c. Corroboration
d. Negative criticism
17. The "identification of when and where an event took place" is known as _____.
a. Contextualization
b. Sourcing
c. Corroboration
d. Negative criticism
18. Three heuristics suggested by Wineburg (1991) for evaluating documents are:
a. Corroboration, sourcing, and contextualization
b. Sourcing, internal criticism, and external criticism
c. Corroboration, internal criticism and external criticism
d. Contextualization, corroboration and presentism
19. In historical research, data synthesis usually does not include ______.
a. Defining and interpreting key words, phrases and terms
b. Chronologically ordering events
c. Differentiating between how people should behave and how they did behave
d. Inferring causation based on simple correlation
e. Maintaining a distinction between intent and consequences
20. When writing their narratives, many historical researchers prefer to use _____.
a.
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
(1994)
b.
The Chicago Manual of Style
c.
The Historical Manual of Style
d.
The Historian's Manual of Style
Under which of the following research method is not applicable?
Select correct option:
Health care
Business
Government offices
Imaginary worlds
If a researcher was studying the use of various instructional approaches to the "multiple intelligences" of his students, he is likely to be conducting which type of research?
Select correct option:
Basic
Applied
Evaluation
Grounded theory
All of the following are true about theories, except;
Select correct option:
They organize and summarize existing knowledge about a topic.
They are tentative until the facts prove them true.
They provide possible explanations for the phenomenon under study.
They lead to testable hypotheses through the process of deduction.
A good qualitative problem statement:
Select correct option:
Defines the independent and dependent variables
Conveys a sense of emerging design
Specifies a research hypothesis to be tested
Specifies the relationship between variables that the researcher expects to find.
_______ meanings attached to a concept create problems of measurements.
Select correct option:
Unambiguous
Vague
Clear
Dictionary
Which of the following is a measure in which the researcher captures the intensity, direction, level, or potency of a variable construct?
Select correct option:
Scale
Index
Unidimensionality
Weighting
Which of the following is the process of marking segments of data with symbols, descriptive words or category?
Select correct option:
Concurring
Coding
Coloring
Segmenting
Which type of sampling strategy is exemplified by selecting two types of individuals: those who are extremely happy and those who are extremely sad?
Select correct option:
Snowball
Intensity
Homogeneous
Purposive
What is the final step of a scientific investigation?
Select correct option:
Analyze data
Collect data
Report the findings
Determine whether the hypothesis was supported
Ms. Tania is thinking about changing her instructional approach to a more mastery-learning orientation. She is interested in knowing more about this topic as well as its effectiveness when working with elementary school students. On which source should she rely for such information?
Select correct option:
Tradition
Research
Intuition
Personal experience
What is the main purpose of pilot testing?
Select correct option:
To accumulate responses
To identify respondent
To identify potential problems
To evaluate the research
The extent to which we can generalize the results of a study to other participants is called:
Select correct option:
Sampling validity
External validity
Construct validity
Internal validity
What type of the interview that is in which questions are already prepared?
Select correct option:
Telephonic interview
Personal interview
Unstructured interview
structured interview
Historians organize evidence usually in which of the following form?
Select correct option:
Comparative form
Critical form
Logical form
Narrative form
Which of the following steps of the scientific method is exemplified by the researcher reviewing the literature and focusing on a specific problem that has yet to be resolved?
Select correct option:
Identify a topic.
Describe the procedures to collect information.
Analyze the collected information.
State the results of the data analysis.
Which of the following control techniques available to the researcher controls for both known and unknown variables?
Select correct option:
Building the extraneous variable into the design
Matching
Random assignment
Analysis of covariance
Surveys are more impersonal than face-to-face interviews.
Select correct option:
Mail
Recorded Interview
Focus *****
Telephone
Which of the table is based on cross-tabulation and the cases are organized in the table on the basis of two variables at the same time?
Select correct option:
Bivariate Tables
Frequency Distribution Table
SPSS Table
MINITAB Table
Which of the following is a measure in which a researcher adds or combines several distinct indicators of a construct into a single score?
Select correct option:
Scale
Index
Unidimensionality
Weighting
The following journal article would be an example of _____ research; "The benefits of florescent lighting on production in a factory setting."
Select correct option:
Applied (douted)
Interview
Basic
Stupid
Which measure of dispersion is easiest to calculate? Standard deviation?
Select correct option:
Mean
Range
Median
Mode
What is opposite of a variable?
Select correct option:
A constant
An extraneous variable
A dependent variable
A data set
A ______ scale only assigns numbers to objects to classify the objects according to the characteristic of interest.
Select correct option:
Ratio
Nominal
Interval
Dichotomous
Statistics are used by researchers to:
Select correct option:
Analyze the empirical data collected in a study
Make their findings sound better
Operationally define their variables
Ensure the study comes out the way it was intended
An indicator of reliability based on the correlations of each item in a measure with every other item is called:
Select correct option:
Test-retest reliability
Cronbach's alpha
Split-half reliability
Inter item ratio
How is nominal data presented?
Select correct option:
In order
In discrete categories
Units of equal distance
Data where there is a true zero
What is the main purpose of pilot testing?
Select correct option:
To accumulate responses
To identify respondent
To identify potential problems
To evaluate the research
Which of the following should not be a consideration in writing a proposal?
Select correct option:
Understanding the problem situation
The appearance/form of the proposal
Responding to every element exactly as specified by the client
Knowing as much as possible about the proposal recipients
Which term technically describes a situation in which an observer's work in a first-grade classroom disrupts the normal routines due to the curiosity of the students?
Select correct option:
Observer effect
Participant effect
Non participant bias
Observer bias
A telephone company is interested in obtaining customers' reactions to a new service package. Which of the following primary research methods would be most effective in reaching this audience to obtain their feedback?
Select correct option:
An Internet survey
Telephone interviews
A mail survey
Focus groups
Which of the following is more operational with the help of coding system?
Select correct option:
External Appearance
Count Behaviors
Time Duration
Content analysis
Rationalism is the application of:
Select correct option:
Research solution
Logic and arguments
Reasoning
Previous findings
If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to ascertain their merit and worth, he is likely conducting which type of research?
Select correct option:
Basic
Applied
Evaluation
Experimental
Research may differ along a series of dimensions. Which of the following may be applied to this statement?
Select correct option:
The type of data collected.
The data-collection technique.
The level of manipulation used to elicit data collection.
All of the given options
Which one of the following tasks is NOT accomplished by theoretical framework?
Select correct option:
Elaborate the relationship among the variables
Explain the logic underlying the relationship between the variables.
Describe the nature, and direction of the relationships among the variables.
Relates the previous studies.
What is required if there is a chance that data could harm the respondents?
Select correct option:
Change of results
A signed form detailing the types of limits
Free consent of respondents
All of the given options
Which of the following is NOT an unethical issue?
Select correct option:
Invoicing irregularities
Avoiding legal liability
Misrepresenting results
Seek approval for research
When a variable is so closely associated with the independent variable that we do not know which one is producing the experimental effect, the variable is:
Select correct option:
Manipulated
Confounded
Unspecified
Uncontrolled
Which of the following is not an example of deception?
Select correct option:
A part of the truth is not communicated to the respondent
To observe code of ethics (douted)
To leak out information regarding any confidential matter
To create bias between respondents before the survey
Question
The logic of purposive sampling is:
Select correct option:
1. That a random sample can generalize to a population.
2. That a few information-rich participants studied in depth yield many insights about a topic.
3. To include all participants, even though they are not all relevant to the problem.
4. To use participants because the researcher has access to them.
Question
An indicator of reliability based on the correlations of each item in a measure with every other item is called:
Select correct option:
1. Test-retest reliability
2. Cronbach's alpha
3. Split-half reliability
4. Inter item ratio
Question
Why does qualitative interviewing have an advantage over participant observation when it comes to longitudinal research?
Select correct option:
1. Repeat interviews are easier to organise.
2. It allows for a better exploration of key issues.
3. It is a more focused research method.
4. Participant observers are prone to 'go native' during longitudinal research.
Question #
An operational definition is:
Select correct option:
1. One that bears no relation to the underlying concept.
2. An abstract, theoretical definition of a concept.
3. A definition of a concept in terms of specific, empirical measures.
4. One that refers to opera singers and their work.
Question
To say that a theory is falsifiable is to say that;
Select correct option:
1. It is based on results that are not replicable.
2. Investigators have replaced it with a simpler or more accurate theory.
3. We can imagine results that would contradict it.
4. It is so vague that it fits any and all possible results.
Question
Which type of research address major societal change?
Select correct option:
1. Experimental Research
2. Action Research
3. Social Research
4. Historical Comparative Research
Question
Which term technically describes a situation in which an observer's work in a first-grade classroom disrupts the normal routines due to the curiosity of the students?
Select correct option:
1. Observer effect
2. Participant effect
3. Non participant bias
4. Observer bias
Question
What is the variable called, in an experiment, which is manipulated by the researcher?
Select correct option:
1. Stimulus
2. Control
3. Dependent
4. Independent
Question
If a measure is consistent over multiple occasions, it has:
Select correct option:
1. Inter-rater reliability
2. Construct validity
3. Internal validity
4. Test-retest reliability
Question
Bias is defined as;
Select correct option:
1. The distortion of responses based on gender, ethnicity, race, or language
2. A lack of validity
3. A lack of reliability
4. A poor interpretation of a student's score
Question #
In frequency tables total of columns and rows are called:
Select correct option:
1. Body of table
2. Cell of table
3. Area of table
4. Marginal
Question
What type of the interview that is in which questions are already prepared?
Select correct option:
1. Telephonic interview
2. Personal interview
3. Unstructured interview
4. Structured interview
Question
All of these are characteristics of scientific methods of research except, it is;
Select correct option:
1. Cumulative
2. Deterministic
3. Unethical
4. Rationalism
Question
Which of the following is NOT an unethical issue?
Select correct option:
1. Invoicing irregularities
2. Avoiding legal liability
3. Misrepresenting results
4. Seek approval for research
Question
Which of the following is not something a researcher will have to consider when thinking about their sample size?
Select correct option: from VUsolutions
1. Time and cost.
2. Non-response.
3. Length of questionnaire.
4. Heterogeneity of population.
Question
A ________ scale only assigns numbers to objects to classify the objects according to the characteristic of interest.
Select correct option:
1. Ratio
2. Nominal
3. Interval
4. Dichotomous
Question
The logic of qualitative data analysis is described as:
Select correct option:
1. Objective
2. Subjective
3. Inductive
4. Deductive
Question
Which of the following is the best hypothesis statement to address the research question, "What impact will the new advertising campaign have on use of Brand B?"
Select correct option:
1. The new advertising campaign will impact Brand B usage.
2. The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B trial.
3. The new advertising campaign will cause increased Brand B usage at the expense of Brand C.
4. The new advertising campaign will increase Brand B's market penetration.
Question
Detailed and unambiguous instructions are particularly important for:
Select correct option:
1. Computer-assisted telephone surveys
2. Mail surveys
3. Computer-assisted personal interviews
4. Internet surveys
Question
Which of the following terms best describes data that were originally collected at an earlier time by a different person for a different purpose?
Select correct option:
1. Primary data
2. Secondary data
3. Experimental data
4. Field notes
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