Virtual University Solved Assignments Online Quiz Past Papers GDB VUsolutions VU solutions

Importance of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Making a Heathy Information Society: A Case Study of Ethiope East Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria

There is widespread research interest in information and communication technologies (ICTs). According to Crede & Mansell , ICTs are crucially important for sustainable development in developing countries. Thioune (2003) notes that for the past two decades most developed countries have witnessed significant changes that can be traced to ICTs. These multi-dimensional changes have been observed in almost all aspects of life: economics, education, communication, and travel. In a technology-driven society, getting information quickly is important for both sender and receiver. ICTs have made it possible to quickly find and distribute information. Thoiune (2003) indicates that many initiatives have taken at the international level to support Africa's efforts to develop a communication infrastructure and. These efforts are designed to enable African countries, including Nigeria, to find faster ways to achieve durable and sustainable development.

Helmut cited by Akpore (1999), states that of the technological changes that have influenced our lives in recent years, information technology (IT) has had the greatest impact. This will continue at least until the end of the first half of the century, when other major technological breakthroughs in the area of new materials, biotechnology, or energy, may provide entirely new ways of living.

An information society is one that makes the best possible use of ICTs. Martin (1995) supports this view by describing it as a society in which the quality of life, as well as prospects for social change and economic development, depend increasingly upon information and its exploitation. In such a society, living standards, patterns of work and leisure, the education system, and marketplace are all influenced by advances in information and knowledge. This is evidenced by an increasing array of information-intensive products and services (Martin, 

Annan (2002) notes that the information society is a way for human capacity to be expanded, built up, nourished, and liberated by giving people access to tools and technologies, with the education and training to use them effectively. There is a unique opportunity to connect and assist those living in the poorest and most isolated regions of the world. Informatization of society is a major hurdle that most nations, especially developing countries, are encountering. The information society or information age is a phenomenon that began after 1950, which brings challenges as we seek to integrate and expand the universe of print and multimedia sources. The two terms are often used to describe a cybernetic society in which there is a great dependence on the use of computers and data transmission linkages to generate and transmit information (Bruce, 1995).

The African Information Society (AISI) document (2005) argues that Africa should build, by the year 2010, an information society in which every man, woman, child, village, public and private sector office has secured access to the use of computers and telecommunications media. The objective is to provide every African with the possibility of using the communication and data processing services available everywhere else, just like any other citizens of the world.

ICTs for Informing Citizens

One of the identified agents through which the world will constantly experience change is technology. In the business of trying to make information available in the right form to the right user both at the personal and organizational levels, and at the right time, the bid to cope with great flood of information has led to the need for a more sophisticated way of handling information faster and better.

According to Anyakoha (1991), information technology is "the use of man made tools for the collection, generation, communication, recording, re-management and exploitation of information. It includes those applications and commodities, by which information is transferred, recorded, edited, stored, manipulated or disseminated". Hawkridge (1983) describes information technology as a revolution which has penetrated almost all fields of human activity, thus transforming economic and social life. UNDP (2001) asserts that even if sustainable economic growth facilitates the creation and diffusion of useful innovations, technology is not only the result of growth but can be used to support growth and development. ICTs are credited with the ability to transform, and deep and significant changes are expected from their widespread use in Africa. From this stand point Africans can take maximum advantage of the new technologies even if major challenges remain. These challenges include adapting ICTs to local conditions and uses in developing countries, and allowing each country understand those innovations and adjust them to their own development needs.

Therefore, development in Nigeria depends on the country's capacity to create wealth to significantly reduce poverty and to raise its capacity to create wealth at a sustainable level. In June 1996, the United Nations Commission on Science and Technology Development (UNCSTD) in collaboration with IDRC proposed five development indicators that focused on the improvement of the quality of life: education, health, income, governance, and technology (Crede and Mansell, If we consider these five as key indicators of development for Nigeria, ICTs can be socially beneficial only if they contribute to poverty eradication (higher income), improved health and education, better use and more equitable sharing of resources, and raising participation in the decision-making processes (and in this regard, access to information is crucial).

ICTs have been the basis for human existence from time immemorial and this has driven man to continuously seek ways to improve the processing of information and communicating such information to one another irrespective of distance and on a real-time basis (Ndukwe, 2002). Surviving in the information age depends on access to national and global information networks. ICTs are the bedrock for the survival and development of any nation in a rapidly changing global environment, and it challenges us to devise initiatives to address a host of issues such as reliable infrastructure, skilled human resources, open government, and other essential issues of capacity building (Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2001).

At the heart of technology lie two main or branches of technology: computing and telecommunication. The technologies covered are the computer system, Internet/electronic mail (e-mail), mobile phone, and fax machine.

Computers

Computers were originally used by scientists for calculating numbers, and have gradually become useful in offices and industries. In recent times, simplified models that can be used by almost everybody have become common in schools and homes for accomplishing many varied tasks and applications (Madu 2000)

Fapohunda (1999) lists the uses that computers are now commonly put to: writing letters, and reports, printing books, newspapers, and magazines, drawing pictures and diagrams, doing statistics, mathematics and handling financial records, controlling traffic lights, flying aeroplanes, making and playing music and video, sending messages anywhere in the world.

Internet

The Internet is a global collection of many types of computers and computer networks that are linked together. It is increasingly becoming the solution to many information, problems, information exchange, and marketing (Adesanya, 2002). Eseyin (1997) describes the Internet as a mixture of many services with the two most commonly used being electronic mail (e-mail for short) and the World Wide Web (www). It plays a significant role in education, health, political processes, agriculture, economy, businesses and newsgroups. Woherem (2000) states that with Internet connectivity, one can do business all over the world without physical contact with the buyer or the need for a business intermediary.

E-mail

Electronic mail (e-mail) is the exchange of text messages and computer files transmitted via communications networks such as the Internet (Nwosu, 2004). Fapohunda (1999) sees the e-mail system as the equivalent of postal mailing services, with the biggest difference being the time and cost involved. And not only written data, but all sorts of information in the form of video, audio, or photographs, can be sent via e-mail. Oketunji (2000) describes e-mail as an increasing popular method of communication, especially in the workplace.

Mobile Phones

Bittner (1989) defines mobile phones as a telephone system that can move or be moved easily and quickly from place to place. Mobile phones were once the tool of rich and busy executives who could afford both the luxury. Mobile phones are now the ICT that is reshaping and revolutionizing the communications globally. Its impact on the economic activities of nations, businesses, and small entrepreneurs is phenomenal. According to Marcelle (2000), the availability of this new technology has been reshaping the material basis of the society as well as bringing about a profound restructuring of economic, political, and cultural relations among states. Nigeria is not an exception.

According to Tiemo (2006) the importance of information cannot be overemphasized. People need information to plan and carry out their decisions. More than 90 percent of Africa's population could greatly benefit from information on better choice of food, safe water and basic nutrition, child care, family planning, immunization, prevention and control of endemic diseases. The combination of modern communication devices could play significant roles in the collection and dissemination of global information. Oji-Okoro (2006) supported this view by stating that mobile telephony usage by individuals enables them to communicate with loved ones, clients and business associates. For large businesses, it is a means of providing a service that leads to an increase in profits. For governments, revenues are gained through taxes and duties. As a tool for sustainable livelihoods, mobile telephones provide employment for many who could have been idle.

Fax machine

Telefacsimile systems permit the transaction of images (photos, printed images, maps, drawings) and their reproduction on paper at a remote receiver. Facsimile (fax) is not a new service; however, advances in digital imaging technology and microelectronics have caused a sharp drop in prices with a significant increase in capacities (O'Brien, 1996). "Long distance copying" might be an appropriate nickname for this telecommunication process. Any document, whether it is handwritten, contains pictures, diagrams, graphs, charts or typed text can be transmitted at a great speed for relatively low cost. The fax system is widely available; most organizations have at least one fax machine.

Methodology

This study uses a survey. The instrument for data collection is the questionnaire which consisted of two parts. Part A collects data on the personal characteristics of the respondents. Part B is ICTs.

A sample of 120 respondents was used. The respondents were drawn from the Ethiop East local government area of Delta state. Data was analyzed using frequency counts and simple percentages.

Question 1: [Marks 10]

Let us consider a situation in which functionality is placed in device controller instead of keeping that functionality in kernel.

Write down any two advantages and any two disadvantages of this scenario.

Ans: 

Kernel modules offer a unique trick to maximize the functionality of the kernel, which is placing functionality in device controller instead of keeping it in kernel. We get following advantages and disadvantages by doing this:-

Advantages

Operating systems remain safe from bugs which cause operating systems crash. 

System performance is improvised as functionality is given to device controller instead of kernel. 

Kernel is simplified by taking algorithms out of it. 

Disadvantages

In case of existing bugs or errors, device driver firmware software has to be upgraded, which is a difficult in newly installed hardware. 

Embedded algorithms can decrease the system performance as it will consume the more resources of the system. 

Question 2: [Marks 5]

Let us consider a scenario in which a job/process loses its ability of using a CPU when it gets rolled out of memory.

Ans: 

A process is a program in execution. When a process is sent to printer it gets rolled out of memory and goes to printer. But if printer is failed to respond on the given task then the process will lose its ability to use the CPU. 

Explain a scenario in which a job/process loses its ability of using a CPU without getting rolled out of memory.

Ans:

When an interrupt occurs process loses its ability of using a CPU without getting rolled out of memory. This interrupt can be errors in process like division by zero or illegal operation.

Budget- Introduction & Budgetary Control

Assignment # 1 CS504 Idea Solution Fall 2012

Question 1

Write business requirement of online budgeting control system.

Answer

Business Requirements

This web based online budgeting control application is to provide an electronic

environment for fast processing of university budget related tasks.

This application will help to control budget and will be beneficial for all.

Question # 2

Write functional requirements of online budgeting control system.?

Answer

As it is a web online application so functional requirements should be as follows

Functional Requirements

Login Management

This system should allow the users to login to get access to online budgeting control system 

Logout Management

This system should allow the users to logout after login whenever they want.

Account management

This system should allow the user to update account information and should allow the admin (staf) to add delete update user accounts

Report Management

This system should allow only the admin to generate different types of reports

Budget Requests Management

This system should allow gathering annual budget requests from all the departments

and finalizing the budget.**************** It will be used by the head of different departments to request for the budget allocation.

Budget Control/Management

This system should allow the user to control the budget which is allocated and finalized

between all departments. 

Budget control manager of financial department will accept, reject or approve the

requests from any department for some valid reason.

(More can be added )

Question # 3

Write non-functional requirements of online budgeting control system.

Non Functional Requirements

1- Usability or user friendliness

This System should be user friendly It will fulfill all user requirements

2- Multiple Users

This system should allow multiple users at a time

3- Performance

This system should be able to provide fast and better performance in order to satisfy all the users.

4- Decision Making

This system should be able to provide all the information required and should help the users in decision making.

Describe a Θ(n lg n)-time algorithm that, given a set S of n integers and another integer x, determines whether or not there exist two elements in S whose sum is exactly x.

There is more than one algorithm that satisfies this problem. You should have described an algorithm and done the necessary proof for correctness, as well as proved the asymptotic running time. If your algorithm utilizes an algorithm covered in the text, you may assume it is correct and use the results of its run-time analysis.

First run merge sort on S to get the sorted array S

0 = s

0

1

, s

0

2

, ..., s

0

n

, where

s

0

i ≤ s

0

i+1

for all i. As proved in Cormen, this runs in Θ(n lg n)-time.

SUM-X(S, x)

1 MERGE − SORT(S)

2 i ← 1

3 j ← n

4 while i < j

5 do if S[i] + S[j] < x

6 then i ← i + 1

7 else if S[i] + S[j] > x

8 then j ← j − 1

9 else return S[i], S[j]

10 if i = j

11 then return nil

Proof of correctness: Assume that the set S is sorted, so that s1 < s2 < ... br/>sn. For 1 ≤ p < q ≤ n, call (p, q) an x pair if sp + sq = x. There may be many such x pairs. Initially i = 1 and j = n. SUM-X maintains a pair (i, j) and either increases i or decreases j until it finds an x pair, or i = j. If si + sj > x then j is decremented, and if si + sj < x then i is incremented.

If there are no x pairs in S then SUM-X terminates without finding such a pair. Assume there is at least one x pair. Let (i, j) be the first loop at which either the left index i or the right index j agrees with some x pair. Without loss of generality suppose that j = q and i ≤ p, thus si + sq ≤ x. This means that si + sq = x and i = p, or si + sq < x and i is increased until i = p. Hence, SUM-X finds an x pair.

The worst-case run time of SUM-X is O(n lg n). After the set is sorted, the procedure to find the two elements that sum to x has a worst-case time of O(n).

A second solution is to run merge sort to get the sorted array S

0

. Then for

each element in S

0

compute di = s

0

i − x and do a binary search for di

in S

0

. In

the worst-case we search for n elements using binary search. The worst-case run time analysis of binary search is O(lg n). Therefore, the algorithm is Θ(n lg n)

use Dev C++ and create a new c++ project

create an integer type array of 5 elements

create an char type array of 5 elements

create a pointer of type integer and copy the values of integer array to this pointer one be one and increment the pointer 

then copy the char array's values in the pointer of type integer 

print the specified output and give some explanation about the above.

For syntax visit C++ tutorial site

....................................

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

{

int *x[5];

int a[5] = {1,2,3,4,5};

char b[5] = {'a','b','c','d','e'};

int i;

for (i=0; i<5; i++)

{

x[i]=&a[i];

x[i]=&b[i];

printf("%d\n", x[i]);

}

//x[i]=&b[b];

//for(i=0; i<5; i++){

//printf("%d", (*x)[i]);

//}

system("PAUSE"); 

return 0;

}

.......................

// This program demonstrate the functions of arrays and pointer realtionship

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

main()

{

int x[5] = {0,1,2,3,4}; //declared array of pointer integer type five element4

int *xptr;

int a[5] = {1,2,3,4,5}; //Declare and initialize integer array of five elements

char b[5] = {'a','b','c','d','e'}; //Declare and initialize an array of character type

int i;

for (i=0; i<5; i++)

{

cout"\n A["i"]:"*xptr;

xptr++;

coutendl;

}

system("\nPAUSE");

}

..................

// example about structures

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

#include <sstream> 

using namespace std; 

struct movies_t {

string title; 

int year; 

} mine, yours; 

void printmovie (movies_t movie); 

int main () 

{ 

string mystr; 

mine.title = "2001 A Space Odyssey"; 

mine.year = 1968; 

cout << "Enter title: "; 

getline (cin,yours.title); 

cout << "Enter year: "; 

getline (cin,mystr); 

stringstream(mystr) >> yours.year; 

cout << "My favorite vu39 movie is:\n "; 

printmovie (mine); 

cout << "And yours is:\n "; 

printmovie (yours); 

return 0; 

} 

void printmovie (movies_t movie) 

{ 

cout << movie.title; 

cout << " (" << movie.year << ")\n"; 

}

................

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])

{

int *x[5];

int a[5] = {1,2,3,4,5};

char b[5] = {'a','b','c','d','e'};

int i,j;

printf("4th points Answer\n");

for (i=0; i<5; i++)

{

x[i]=&a[i];

printf("%d\n", *x[i]);

}

printf("5th points Answer\n");

for ( j=0; j<5; j++)

{

*x[j]=b[j];

printf("%d\n", *x[j]);

}

printf("6th points Answer\n");

for ( j=0; j<5; j++)

{

printf("%d\n", a[j]);

}

system("PAUSE"); 

return 0;

}

Copy understand and then paste the code...

..................

Constructing a Process Flowchart

///////////////////////////////

Mr. Imran is not a regular user of the elevator system. So, his mind is doing following processes.

..........................................

Pick one Modify it according to your need so that you can get maximum Marks.

Sample 1

Albany, NY 12345

(111) (111 -1111)

John.Applicant@email.com

Experience

June 2007 - Present

• Maintenance of office library, including cataloging, distribution, and record keeping
• Assuring office is neat, and stocked with necessary tools for functionality
• Member management, including email reminders, member roster, and records of financial dues
• Assist with planning and execution of all society events
• Management of summer interns including interviewing, tasks delegation, and scheduling

September 2003- May 2004

• Assist clientele as they enter office and via phone
• Perform filing, data management, drafting and editing short office memos
• Assist with all other office administrative duties

September 2002- May 2004

• Inputting data, office errands, internship and alumni updates
• Scheduling appointments and assisting students with registration and finding information

• Experience with maintaining office budget
• Ability to work with several operating systems, including Windows, Mac OSX and Linux

Education 

Computer Assistant, Center for Information Technology Services, XYZ College, 2007-2009

Data Entry, Wall Street Investment Assistance, New York, NY, Winter Break 2008

PriceFly Airlines Project, Accounting Course, XYZ College, Fall 2007

Data and Systems Department Assistant, New York Journal, New York, NY, Summer 2006• Assisted computer operators with payroll and sales administration data encoded tapes.

Assistant Supervisor, K.T. Shuttle & Tours, Fairbanks, AK, Summer 2005

Math Tutor / Grader, Mathematics Department, XYZ College, 2005-2006

Sample 3

Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33302

Phone 594-563-7467

Email: j.windsor@mail.com

QUALIFICATIONS:

WORK HISTORY:

Sales Manager, Advanced Technology Components, Inc., 2008 - 2009

Owner/Operator, Entertainment Services, 2005 - 2008

Realtor/Broker, Reca Better Homes and Gardens/Miller Properties, 2000-2005

Account Manager, PRC Realty Systems, 1982 - 2000

EDUCATION:

Education 

Intern, American Museum in England, England

Calculus Tutor, XYZ College, XYZ Town, NY

Volunteer at Early Childhood Center, XYZ College, XYZ Town, NY

Sample 5

2007 - 2012

2007

2003 - 2007

2000 - 2003

EDUCATION 

Q 2 Answer:

IMPROMTU	EXTEMPORE
It is a time saving method.	It’s a time consuming method.
It asks to deliver on the spot.	It is planned before delivering.
It might lack completeness.	It ensures good quality of presentation.