Saturday, January 30, 2010
Posted In
Eco
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Solution:
At eq. demand =supply
i.e.1600-125p = 440+165p
this gives p = 4 in 2007
b) Quantity demanded equation will change due to decrease in demand of exports but not due to policy of govt.
eq. of quantity supplied will not be affected.
At p=5.5 q supplied=1347.5
we can’t find q demanded because we don't know that what is the shift in demand the question is not clear. I have solved this question assuming that given demand function is inclusive of exports.
Ans 2. e= p / (marginal cost - p) = 70 /50-70 =-7/2
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Saturday, January 30, 2010
Posted In
eng
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Communication
“Any act by which one person gives to or receives from another person information about that person’s needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states. Communication may be intentional or unintentional, it may involve conventional or unconventional signals, may take linguistic or non-linguistic forms, and may occur through spoken or other modes.”
Or in simple words;
Communication is the exchange of ideas, opinions and information through written or spoken words, symbols or actions.
Communication is a dialogue, not a monologue. In fact, communication is more concerned with a dual listening process. For communication to be effective, the message must mean the same thing to both the sender and the receiver.
Business Communication
Business Communication is any communication used to promote a product, service, or organization – with the objective of making sale.
In business communication, message is conveyed through various channels of communication including internet, print (publications), radio, television, outdoor, and word of mouth.
In business, communication is considered core among business, interpersonal skills and etiquette.
Historical Background
Thousands years ago, people use to communicate orally. Greeks use a phonetic alphabet written from left to right. After that, many books appeared on written communication principles. In a result of this, Greek started her very first library.
When communism was ruling China, communication had become the biggest challenge within the vast government as well as between government and people. 1st in China and then in Rome postal service was launched. After that paper and printing press was invented in china that made communication easier.
Hence, today’s principles of communications are founded on a mixture of ancient oral and written traditions.
Organization
The arrangements between individuals and groups in human society that structure relationships and activities (Business, Political, Religious or social).
In other words,
A group of people identified by shared interests or purpose, for example, a “Bank”.
Lifeblood of an Organization
Communication is the lifeblood of an organization. If we could somehow remove communication flows from an organization, we would not have an organization.
It is needed for:
* Exchanging information
* Exchanging options
* Making plans and proposals
* Reaching agreement
* Executing decisions
* Sending and fulfilling orders
* Conducting sales
When communication stops, organized activity ceases to exist. Individual uncoordinated activity returns in an organization. So, Communication in an organization, is as vital as blood for life.
Types of Business Communication
There are two types of business communication in an organization:
1. Internal Communication
2. External Communication
1.
Internal Communication
Communication within an organization is called “Internal Communication”.
It includes all communication within an organization. It may be informal or a formal function or department providing communication in various forms to employees.
Effective internal communication is a vital mean of addressing organizational concerns. Good communication may help to increase job satisfaction, safety, productivity, and profits and decrease grievances and turnover.
Under Internal Business Communication types there come;
a) Upward Communication
b) Downward Communication
c) Horizontal/Literal communication
a) Upward Communication
Upward communication is the flow of information from subordinates to superiors, or from employees to management. Without upward communication, management works in a vacuum, not knowing if messages have been received properly, or if other problems exist in the organization.
By definition, communication is a two-way affair. Yet for effective two-way organizational communication to occur, it must begin from the bottom.
Upward Communication is a mean for staff to:
* Exchange information
* Offer ideas
* Express enthusiasm
* Achieve job satisfaction
* Provide feedback
b) Downward Communication
Information flowing from the top of the organizational management hierarchy and telling people in the organization what is important (mission) and what is valued (policies).
Downward communication generally provides enabling information – which allows a subordinate to do something.
e.g.: Instructions on how to do a task.
Downward communication comes after upward communications have been successfully established. This type of communication is needed in an organization to:
* Transmit vital information
* Give instructions
* Encourage 2-way discussion
* Announce decisions
* Seek cooperation
* Provide motivation
* Boost morale
* Increase efficiency
* Obtain feedback
Both Downward & Upward Communications are collectively called “Vertical Communication”
c) Horizontal/Literal communication
Horizontal communication normally involves coordinating information, and allows people with the same or similar rank in an organization to cooperate or collaborate. Communication among employees at the same level is crucial for the accomplishment of work.Horizontal Communication is essential for:
* Solving problems
* Accomplishing tasks
* Improving teamwork
* Building goodwill
* Boosting efficiency
#
External Communication
Communication with people outside the company is called “external communication”. Supervisors communicate with sources outside the organization, such as vendors and customers.
It leads to better;
* Sales volume
* Public credibility
* Operational efficiency
* Company profits
It should improve
* Overall performance
* Public goodwill
* Corporate image
Ultimately, it helps to achieve
* Organizational goals
* Customer satisfaction
by VUsolutions VU solutions
Saturday, January 30, 2010
Posted In
Fin
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1. Acid Test Ratio/Quick ratio = Current Assets – ( Inventory + Prepayments) / Current
Liabilities
= 36,279,168 – (1,667,425 + 267,422)/ 33,455,815
Acid test Ratio = 1.0345
2. Sales to working Capital = Net Sales / Working Capital
Net sales = 76,642,399
Working capital = current assets – current liabilities = 36,279,168 – 33,455,812 = 2,823,356
= 76,642,399 / 2,823,356
Sales to working Capital = 27.145 / 100 = 0.2714 %
PART 2
Solvency Ratio
1. Debt-to-Equity Ratio = Total Liabilities / Shareholder Equity
= 61,387,778 / 10,315,060
Debt-to-Equity Ratio = 5.951
2. Time Interest Earned Ratio = EBIT / interest Expense
= 4,752,301 / 2,370,674
Time Interest Earned Ratio = 2
1. Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio = EBIT + Lease payments / Interest Exp + Lease
Payment
= 4,752,301 + 1,392,776 / 1,392776 + 2,370,674
Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio = 1.63
PART 3
Profitability Ratios
1. Gross Profit Margin = Gross profit / Net Sales * 100
= 7,404,163 / 76,642,399 * 100
Gross Profit Margin= 9.66 %
2. Operating Profit Margin = Operating profit / Net sales * 100
= 2,979,911 / 76,642,399 * 100
Operating Profit Margin = 3.9 %
3. Pretax Margin = Net earnings + Income Tax / Net Sales
Net Earnings = 991,067
Income Tax = 1,390,560
Net Sales = 76,642,399
= 991,067 + 1,390,560 / 76,642,399
Pretax Margin = 0.031 * 100 = 3.1%
4. Net Profit Margin = Net Pr ofit After Tax / Revenue * 100%
= 991,067 / 76,642,399 * 100
Net Profit Margin = 1.29 %
5. Return on Equity (ROE) = NP after Tax / Shareholder Equity * 100
= 991,067 / 10,315,060 * 100
Return on Equity (ROE) = 9.6
6. Return on Assets (ROA) = Net Income / Total Assets * 100
= 991, 067 / 71,702,838 * 100
ROA = 1.382
PART 4
Activity Ratios
1. Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold / Avg. Inventory
CGS = 69,238,236
Avg. Inventory = Open stock + Closing Stock / 2
= 1,391,068 + 1,667,425 / 2
Avg. Inventory = 1,529,247
= 69,238,236 / 1,529,247
Inventory Turnover = 45.24
2. Accounts Receivable Turnover = Net Sales / Avg. Account receivable
= 76,642,399 / 18,053,051
Accounts Receivable Turnover = 4.245 Times
3. Accounts payable turnover = CGS / Avg. Account payable
= 69,238,236 / 27,809,479
Accounts payable turnover = 2.489 times
4. Average collection period = (Trade Debtors × No. of Working Days) / Net Credit Sales
Accounts Receivable = 20,045,028
No. of Working Days = 360
Net Credit Sales = 76,642,399
= 20,045,028 * 360 / 76,642,399
= 94 days
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