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cs507 3rd assignment solution

Tuesday, May 18, 2010 Posted In Edit This
Q. 1: How can you describe the factors, which will ensure the successful implementation of SDLC? Explain at least three.

Solution:



SYSTEM DEVOLPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC)



Software Development Life Cycle or SDLC is a model of a detailed plan on how to create, develop, implement and eventually fold the software. It’s a complete plan outlining how the software will be born, raised and eventually be retired from its function.


SDLC is also known as information system development or application development.

SDLC is a system approach to problem solving and made up of several phases, each comprised of multiple steps.

SDLS provides the following;


a) Structure

b) Method

c) Control

d) Checklist


There are many different Models of SDLC where each of them will be perfect for a certain business setting.

Other models are chosen based on the available resources and skills, while others are chosen based on the language or toolkits they will be using. Usually, these models are divided into two categories;

a) Waterfall Model

b) Iterative model


a) Waterfall Model/Classic lifecycle/Linear sequential Model


The water model is a software development model. The Waterfall Model of SDLC refers to the idea of creating software by using traditional planning, testing and implementation. using this mode; developers will have strong documentation of software they develop.

b) Iterative model

The Iterative model on the other hand, uses constant modeling or prototyping. Developers just take a look at the problem (objective based) and constantly create prototypes to be constantly evaluated by the intended users. In these models customer feed back is taken at each phase and project is modified. Prototypes are use in these models.



c) Incremental Model

Incremental models, software is built not written. Software is constructed step by step in the same way a building is constructed.

Factors


There are several factors that will ensure the success of the implementation of SDLC.

These factors are not the steps in SDLC rather they are the external factors that will dictate whether SDLC will be followed which in turn assure the success of the developed program.


1.Management support: -


Developers, especially those who are working with a company have to work with managers in creating this type of software.

Developing software will always have its price since it will involve humans working on software.

Developers need to have the support of the management as much as possible since the management will dictate whether they need the product or not.

2. Technical and business expertise: -


There are regular programmers and there are really smart programmers who just know what to do even when the software’s objective is presented for the first time. These programmers know what SDLC model to use together with the languages or toolkits that need to be learn to ensure this program is a success.

On the other hand, business expertise is also important in software development cycle since they will dictate the demand for particular software. Business expertise is also important in (SDLC) since they will determine whether the software will eventually be a factor in time and money saving.
3.Complete documentation for maintenance: -



Granting the results of the software development is a success; it’s time to place them in all in papers. Success in building software will only be gauged once they are released to the pubic with ease. Although there will be problems, it’s up to the developers to maintain these programs until these are decommissioned.
4. Well defined procedures: -


In every process there are procedures that seemed identical with another procedure. Developers should have a clear understanding of each phase, the goal of a certain step and evaluate of if the goal of a certain procedure is followed.

5.Focal point designation: -





Some parts of the program should be considered more important than other parts. Choosing which one is very important since it will not only help or destroy the process of SDLC, it will also assist in developing or the burying of the software.

Of course each program should be thoroughly checked but with a focal point, there will always be some strong points in the developed software compared to a mediocre service.


Q. 2: List down the pros and cons of Incremental Model? Also mention when to use the Incremental Model?

Solution:


Incremental Model: -


Incremental model is an evolution of waterfall model.

Incremental models, software is built not written. Software is constructed step by step in the same way a building is constructed.

Incremental development is a scheduling and staging strategy, in which the various parts of the system are developed.

Incremental development is a cyclic software development process developed in response to the weaknesses of the waterfall model. It starts with an initial planning and ends with deployment with the cyclic interaction in between.

Incremental development is an essential part of the Rational Unified Process, the Dynamic Systems Development Method, Extreme Programming and generally the agile software development frameworks.
Use of incremental model


a) It is a popular model software evolution used many commercial software companies and system vendor.

b) An Incremental Pharmacy Informatics Model for Use in a Rural Hospital

c) To estimate the retention indexes of aromatic compounds

d) For Developing Computer-Based Learning Environments for Problem-Based Learning

e) Incremental software development model may be applicable to projects where

(1) Software Requirements are well defined, but realization may be delayed.

(2) The basic software functionality is required early.



All these different software development models have their own advantages and disadvantages.

Following are the some pros and cons of incremental model.

Pros of Incremental Model


Certain pros that can be very important are;

1) It is more flexible. Users may experiment with delivered increments while others are being developed.

2) Good for large projects.

3) More reliable for Critical projects.

4) Requirements and specifications for each increment may be developed.

5) Easy to manage more manageable processes. Intended to combine some of the advantages of prototyping but with a more manageable process and better system structure.

6) Incremental model includes use of the software by user to for changes.

7) Generates working software quickly and early during the software life cycle.

8)Easier to manage risk because risky pieces are identified and handled during its iteration.

9) It provides more flexibility in decision-making.

10) Incremental model reduced risks.

11) Early increments can be implemented with fewer people.

12) Easier to test and debug during a smaller iteration.

13) Incremental development is especially useful when staffing us unavailable for a complete implementation by the business deadline.

14) System is developed and delivered in increments after establishing an overall architecture.

15) It involves both development and maintenance.

16) There is a working system at all times.

17) Clients can see the system and provide feedback.
Cons of Incremental Model


Certain cons that can be very important are;



1) Each phase of an iteration is rigid and do not overlap each other.

2) Problems may arise pertaining to system architecture because
not all requirements are gathered up front for the entire software life cycle.

3) Doesn’t work well for smaller projects.

4) Project’s success is highly dependent on the risk analysis phase.

5) It can be a costly model to use.

6) It is difficult to break down the total system at early stage of product development to determine.

7) It requires highly specific expertise.

8)We can’t be seen the whole picture until the entire system is built.

9) It is not friendly.



10) In incremental each new build must be integrated with previous builds and any existing systems.

Eco401 Current quiz

Tuesday, May 18, 2010 Posted In Edit This
Question # 1 of 15 ( Start time: 01:33:43 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Microeconomics is the branch of economics that deals with which of the following topics?
Select correct option:

The behavior of individual consumers
Unemployment and interest rates
The behavior of individual firms and investors
The behavior of individual consumers and behavior of individual firms and investors


Question # 2 of 15 ( Start time: 01:34:16 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is true about the point on a nation's production-possibilities curve?
Select correct option:

It shows an undesirable combination of goods and services.
It shows the combinations of production that are unattainable, given current technology and resources.
It shows the level of production that will cause both unemployment and inflation.
It shows that resources are fully employed in producing a particular combination of goods and services.


Question # 3 of 15 ( Start time: 01:35:46 PM ) Total Marks: 1
The extra value that consumers receive above what they pay for that good is called:
Select correct option:

Producer surplus.
Utility.
Marginal utility.
Consumer surplus.



Question # 4 of 15 ( Start time: 01:37:07 PM ) Total Marks: 1
“Each firm produces an identical product and there is freedom of entry and exit”. This is TRUE for which of the following market structures?
Select correct option:

For Monopoly.
For Oligopoly.
For Perfect competition.
For Monopolistic competition.



Question # 5 of 15 ( Start time: 01:37:39 PM ) Total Marks: 1
The law of diminishing marginal utility states:
Select correct option:

The supply curve slopes upward.
Your utility grows at a slower and slower rate as you consume more and more units of a good.
The elasticity of demand is infinite.
None of the given options.


Question # 6 of 15 ( Start time: 01:38:23 PM ) Total Marks: 1
In a production process, all inputs are increased by 10%; but output increases more than 10%. This means that the firm experiences:
Select correct option:

Decreasing returns to scale.
Constant returns to scale.
Increasing returns to scale.
Negative returns to scale.


Question # 7 of 15 ( Start time: 01:39:16 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Marginal utility is best described as:
Select correct option:

The additional satisfaction gained by consumption of the last good.
The per unit satisfaction of the good consumed.
The total satisfaction gained from the total consumption of the good.
The change in satisfaction from consuming one additional unit of the good.

Question # 8 of 15 ( Start time: 01:40:46 PM ) Total Marks: 1
If the cross price elasticity of demand between two products is +3.5, then:
Select correct option:

One of the products is expensive and one is relatively inexpensive.
One product is a normal good and the other is an inferior good.
The two products are complements.
The two products are substitutes.

Question # 9 of 15 ( Start time: 01:41:27 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Price floor results in:
Select correct option:

Equilibrium.
Excess demand.
Excess supply.
All of the given options.

Question # 10 of 15 ( Start time: 01:43:01 PM ) Total Marks: 1
If we observe that the production possibilities curve becomes steeper as we move down along the curve, then:
Select correct option:

Opportunity costs are increasing.
Society's resources are limited.
Society's wants are unlimited.
Society's wants are unlimited.

Question # 11 of 15 ( Start time: 01:44:33 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is true about the entrepreneur?
Select correct option:

An entrepreneur is an innovator.
An entrepreneur is someone who brings resources together and produces a product.
An entrepreneur is a risk taker.
All of the given options are correct.

Question # 12 of 15 ( Start time: 01:45:13 PM ) Total Marks: 1
A market is said to be in equilibrium when:
Select correct option:

Supply equals Price.
There is downward pressure on price.
The amount consumers wish to buy at the current price equals the amount producers wish to sell at that price.
All buyers are able to find sellers willing to sell to them at the current price.

Question # 13 of 15 ( Start time: 01:45:53 PM ) Total Marks: 1
The law of diminishing returns assumes:
Select correct option:

There are no fixed factors of production.
There are no variable factors of production.
Utility is maximised when marginal product falls.
Some factors of production are fixed.

Question # 14 of 15 ( Start time: 01:47:03 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Which of the following is not an assumption of ordinal utility analysis?
Select correct option:

Consumers are consistent in their preference.
Consumers can measure the total utility received from any given basket of good.
Consumers are non-satiated with respect to the goods they confront.
All are necessary.

Question # 15 of 15 ( Start time: 01:48:04 PM ) Total Marks: 1
Diminishing marginal returns implies:
Select correct option:

Decreasing marginal costs.
Increasing marginal costs.
Decreasing average variable costs.
Decreasing average fixed costs.

Fin622 Current Quiz

Tuesday, May 18, 2010 Posted In Edit This
Wider the range of outcome wider will be the _________.
Select correct option:

Risk
Profit
Probability
Lose

The interest rate that is involved in ___________ calculation is referred to as discount rate
Select correct option:

Present value
Future value
Intrinsic value
Discount value

The return on holding a bond till its maturity is called:
Select correct option:

Coupon rate
Yield to maturity
Current yield
Internal rate of return

following represents the fisher’s equation?
Select correct option:

Nominal interest rate = real interest rate + inflation
Nominal interest rate + inflation = real interest rate
Nominal interest rate = real interest rate - inflation
Nominal interest rate = real interest rate / inflation

Bonds without maturity dates are which of the followings?
Select correct option:

Zero coupon bonds
Coupon securities
Consols
Preferred Bonds



A risk-averse investor will:
Select correct option:

Always prefer an investment with a lower expected return
Always prefer an investment with a certain return to one with the same expected return but any amount of uncertainty
Always require a certain return
Always focus exclusively on the expected return

GDP deflator is called
Select correct option:

Retailer price index
Consumer price index
Producer price index
None of above

What will be the effect on the present value if we double the future value of the payment?
Select correct option:
It will decrease the value by one-half
It will increase the value by one-half
It will equally increase the value i.e. doubles the value
It will have no effect on the value

Government bonds called …….. Where as corporate bonds are called ……
Select correct option:
Zero coupon bond, coupon bond
Risky bond. Risk free bond
T bill, corporate bond
Console bond, junk bonds

Beside default risk which one if the following factor affects the return on bond?
Select correct option:
Taxes
Monetary policy
Junk bonds
Debt

Which of the following are used to monitor and stabilize the economy?
Select correct option:
Stock exchanges
Commercial Banks
Central Banks
Financial institutions

What will be the result of the difference of real and nominal interest rate?
Select correct option:
The cost of borrowing
The effect of inflation
The price of bonds
The return of bonds

Which of the following expresses 6.5%?
Select correct option:
0.0065
6.50
0.650
0.0650

Diversification is the principle of:
Select correct option:
Holding more than one risk at a time
Reducing the risks we carry to just two
Creating risk to increase returns
Eliminating investments from our portfolio that have idiosyncratic risk

Current accounts of commercial bank lies in which money aggregate definition?
Select correct option:
Currency
M1
M2
M3

Which of the following would be considered characteristic of money?
Select correct option:
It is store of value
It pays a higher return than most assets
It is in fixed supply
It is legal tender everywhere in the world

When the price of a bond is above face value:
Select correct option:
The yield to maturity will be above the coupon rate
The yield to maturity is below the coupon rate
The yield to maturity will equal zero
The yield to maturity will equal the coupon rate

Mgt411 Online current quiz

Tuesday, May 18, 2010 Posted In , Edit This
Wider the range of outcome wider will be the _________.
Select correct option:

Risk
Profit
Probability
Lose

The interest rate that is involved in ___________ calculation is referred to as discount rate
Select correct option:

Present value
Future value
Intrinsic value
Discount value

The return on holding a bond till its maturity is called:
Select correct option:

Coupon rate
Yield to maturity
Current yield
Internal rate of return

following represents the fisher’s equation?
Select correct option:

Nominal interest rate = real interest rate + inflation
Nominal interest rate + inflation = real interest rate
Nominal interest rate = real interest rate - inflation
Nominal interest rate = real interest rate / inflation

Bonds without maturity dates are which of the followings?
Select correct option:

Zero coupon bonds
Coupon securities
Consols
Preferred Bonds



A risk-averse investor will:
Select correct option:

Always prefer an investment with a lower expected return
Always prefer an investment with a certain return to one with the same expected return but any amount of uncertainty
Always require a certain return
Always focus exclusively on the expected return

GDP deflator is called
Select correct option:

Retailer price index
Consumer price index
Producer price index
None of above

What will be the effect on the present value if we double the future value of the payment?
Select correct option:
It will decrease the value by one-half
It will increase the value by one-half
It will equally increase the value i.e. doubles the value
It will have no effect on the value

Government bonds called …….. Where as corporate bonds are called ……
Select correct option:
Zero coupon bond, coupon bond
Risky bond. Risk free bond
T bill, corporate bond
Console bond, junk bonds

Beside default risk which one if the following factor affects the return on bond?
Select correct option:
Taxes
Monetary policy
Junk bonds
Debt

Which of the following are used to monitor and stabilize the economy?
Select correct option:
Stock exchanges
Commercial Banks
Central Banks
Financial institutions

What will be the result of the difference of real and nominal interest rate?
Select correct option:
The cost of borrowing
The effect of inflation
The price of bonds
The return of bonds

Which of the following expresses 6.5%?
Select correct option:
0.0065
6.50
0.650
0.0650

Diversification is the principle of:
Select correct option:
Holding more than one risk at a time
Reducing the risks we carry to just two
Creating risk to increase returns
Eliminating investments from our portfolio that have idiosyncratic risk

Current accounts of commercial bank lies in which money aggregate definition?
Select correct option:
Currency
M1
M2
M3

Which of the following would be considered characteristic of money?
Select correct option:
It is store of value
It pays a higher return than most assets
It is in fixed supply
It is legal tender everywhere in the world

When the price of a bond is above face value:
Select correct option:
The yield to maturity will be above the coupon rate
The yield to maturity is below the coupon rate
The yield to maturity will equal zero
The yield to maturity will equal the coupon rate

Eng301 solution assignment

Tuesday, May 18, 2010 Posted In Edit This
Question # 1 Solution:-

Manager

ferozsons pvt.ltd

krachi pakistan.


Dear sir,

We shall be highly obliged if you send us your quotations about the book of the business communication along with your terms conditions. Because the large demand of that book we will inquiry about the book of the business communication stock if the stock are available and your price will be suit us than we deal with you. We may place a large order with you if your order will suit us.

Thank you.

With regads

xxxxxxx

Question # 2

Solution:-

1. We are delighted that opening a new store in Karachi.

2. We don’t accept your claim but replace other goods.

3. As our meeting venue is not finalized, we can call you.

4. Our manager will be busy in the meeting on Monday.

5. The flights are cancelled due to air smoke in Europe.

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