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CS408 VU Current Assignment No. 2 Spring 2012 Solution

Thursday, April 26, 2012 Edit This
CS408_Assignment# 2 spring 2012 Solution

ü  Map the extended Human processing model on ATM (Automatic teller Machine) in your words.

Design the software to support a computerized banking network including both human cashiers and automatic teller machines (ATMs) to be shared by a consortium of banks. Each bank provides its own computer to maintain its own accounts and process transactions against them. Cashier stations are owned by individual banks and communicate directly with their own banks computers. Human cashiers enter account and transaction data. Automatic teller machines communicate with a central computer which clears transactions with the appropriate banks. An automatic teller machine accepts (snow) a cash card, interacts with the user, communicates with the central system to carry out the transaction, dispenses cash, and prints receipts. The system requires appropriate record-keeping and security provisions. The system must handle concurrent accesses to the same account correctly. The banks will provide their own software for their own computers; you are to design the software for the ATMs and the network. The cost of the shared system will be apportioned to the banks according to the number of customers with cash cards.

ü  Why card is ejected before the transaction amount provided to user? Justify your answer in context of memory.
ü  What can be the possible steps taken to focus the attention of the user during using ATM.
Focus your attention on ATM screen and take due care in the selection ofbuttons (touch the parallel area in case the screen is sensor one) to ensure theexecution of vu solutions dot com desired transaction / funds transfer. Before pressing / touchingthe keyboard button enter the required information cautiously. If you pressed /touched wrong button then transaction reversal is not possible

ü  Suggest a conceptual model with more advanced features to the handicap users (i.e. Blind ) 

ü  Suggest some other authentication mechanism other than entering pin code.
Finger expression, signatures
ü  Highlight the disadvantages of poor understanding about the ATM system.

Mgt201 VU Current Assignment no. 1 Solution Spring 2012

Thursday, April 26, 2012 Edit This
Current Ratio is a liquidity ratio that measures company's ability to pay its debt over the 
next 12 months or its business cycle. Current Ratio formula is:

Current Ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities

Current ratio is a financial ratio that measures whether or not a company has enough resources to pay its debt over the next business cycle (usually 12 months) by comparing  firm's current assets to its current liabilities.

Acceptable current ratio values vary from industry to industry. Generally, a current ratio of  2:1 is considered to be acceptable. The higher the current ratio is, the more capable the  company is to pay its obligations. Current ratio is also affected by seasonality.

If current ratio is bellow 1 (current liabilities exceed current assets), then the company may  have problems paying its bills on time. However, low values do not indicate a critical  problem but should concern the management. One exception to the rule is considered fastfood industry because the inventory turns over much more rapidly than the accounts  payable becoming due.

Current ratio gives an idea of company's operating efficiency. A high ratio indicates "safe"  liquidity, but also it can be a signal that the company has problems getting paid on its  receivable or have long inventory turnover, both symptoms that the company may not be  efficiently using its current assets.

Current Ratio is the liquidity ratio and shows company's ability to pay its debt over the  accounting period. Current depicts whether or not a company has enough resources to pay  its debt over the next accounting period by comparing firm's current assets to its current  liabilities

Generally, a current ratio of 2:1 is considered to be acceptable. Generally, higher the
current ratio, more capability for paying obligations but it’s not always the case as here in
case of XYZ company.
So, it happens with the companies that with higher current ratio they are yet not able to pay
their obligations as due to poor operating efficiency.
As current ratio also shows the operating efficiency of the company’s assets, thus as XYZ
company is not able to pay liabilities even with its 4:1 CR, thus means their operating
efficiency is very low and problems getting paid on its receivable or have long inventory
turnover, both symptoms that the company may not be efficiently using its current assets.
The current ratio is another test of a company's financial strength. It calculates how many
dollars in assets are likely to be converted to cash within one year in order to pay debts that
come due during the same year. You can find the current ratio by dividing the total current
assets by the total current liabilities. For example, if a company has $10 million in current
assets and $5 million in current liabilities, the current ratio would be 2 (10/5 = 2).
An acceptable current ratio varies by industry. Generally speaking, the more liquid the
current assets, the smaller the current ratio can be without cause for concern. For most
industrial companies, 1.5 is an acceptable current ratio. As the number approaches or falls
below 1 (which means the company has a negative working capital), you will need to take
a close look at the business and make sure there are no liquidity issues. Companies that
have ratios around or below 1 should only be those which have inventories that can
immediately be converted into cash. If this is not the case and a company's number is low,
you should be seriously concerned.


Inefficiency:
If you're analyzing a balance sheet and find a company has a current ratio of 3 or 4, you
may want to be concerned. A number this high means that management has so much cash
on hand, they may be doing a poor job of investing it. This is one of the reasons it is
important to read the annual report, 10K and 10Q of a company. Most of the time, the
executives will discuss their plans in these reports. If you notice a large pile of cash
building up and the debt has not increased at the same rate (meaning the money is not
borrowed), you may want to try to find out what is going on.
Microsoft has a current ratio  in excess of 4, a massive number compared to what it
requires for its daily operations. The company has no long term debt on the balance sheet.
What are they planning on doing? No one knew until the company paid its first dividend in
history, bought back billions of dollars worth of shares, and made strategic acquisitions.
Although not ideal, too much cash on hand is the kind of problem a smart investor prays
for


Current Ratio is the liquidity ratio & depicts whether or not a company has enough
resources to pay its debt over the next accounting period.
Generally, a current ratio of 2:1 is considered to be acceptable & higher the current ratio,
more capability for paying obligations but it’s not always the case.
As XYZ has a higher Current ratio (4:1) but still unable to pay its obligations which is due
to poor operating efficiency of the current assets and possible symptoms are, problems
getting paid on its receivable or have long inventory turnover.


This indicates that the  decreased inventory turnover and  increased accounts receivable
turnover Which should be managed so that inventory turnover is increased and accounts
receivable turnover is decreased so that XYZ should be able to pay its obligations.

Mgt111 Assignment No. 1 solution Spring 2012

Thursday, April 26, 2012 Edit This
Due Date: April 26, 2012                                                            Marks: 15

Assignment:

Mr. Sheraz is intending to start a new business, with himself as CEO, in services sector. Most probably, there would be people from Marketing, Finance, Human Resources and Customer Services.
But he is on the cross roads to decide how to structure the departments so that organization may not only start but also to ensure the supervision of employees as well. His friend Mr. Yasir advised him to hire people who carry experience in their respective domain and also provide them sufficient authority.
It is also important to mention that the nature of business requires handsome number of people in all the departments. Since all the employees are mostly trained and also carry sufficient authority, suggest the number of hierarchies that may be there and also the type of span of control. Justify your answer with reasonable explanation.

ANSWER:
As Mr. Sheraz is intending to start a new business, with himself as CEO, in services sector, he must know about the technique for managing the business in organization.


*  DEPARTMENTALIZATION:
“The basis by which the jobs are grouped together”.

Here in lecture#14 and 15


*      NUMBER OF HIERARCHIES:


Some of the number of hierarchies that may be there in an organization.


*      SPAN OF CONTROL:
“The number of employees who can be effectively and efficiently supervised by a manager”.

*      Span of control is decided by the owner of organization on the basis of:

Ø  Authority of the managers to make decisions
Ø  Skills and Abilities of the managers
Ø  Nature of business
Ø  Standardization of tasks
Ø  Employee characteristics
Ø  Nature of work being done
Ø  Similarity of tasks
Ø  Complexity of tasks
Physical proximity of subordinates


*      THE TYPE OF SPAN OF CONTROL:
There are two types of span of control.


Ø  NARROW SPAN OF CONTROL:
It means a single manager or supervisor supervises and controls the activities of few subordinates. In it there is large number of level of management hierarchy. Narrow span of control leads to a tall organizational structure because of its size.
ADVANTAGES:
Ø  Better communication between the manager and employees/subordinates.
Ø  Manager can control his employees/subordinates more easily.
DIS-Advantages:
 Huge communication problems between different levels of management.

HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF NARROW SPAN OF CONTROL:



Ø  WIDE SPAN OF CONTROL:
It means the activities/working of a large number of employees/subordinates is supervised by a single manager. There is small number of management hierarchy. It leads to a flat organization structure.
ADVANTAGES:
Ø  Message reaches to the employees speedily because of less number of management levels.
DIS- ADVANTAGES:
Ø  Communication between employees and managers is not so easy and effective.

HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF NARROW SPAN OF CONTROL:

  

Ø  Narrow span of control is better than wide span of control because of the

Ø  Better control of the managers over the employees and
Ø  Effective communication between managers and employees


..................

Solution:

The type of span of control is "wider", because the employees are experienced and have authorities.

The number of hierarchies would be few or very small in number due to the wider span of control and such an experienced workforce is useful when the layers of organizational structure are less, as this helps in closely linked workforce network.

write on these points and you will have the complete assignment, also learn about wider span of control and hierarchical levels in organizations.


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