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Joint Family System in Pakistan Bad or Good

solution of Q3 is on handouts page 147
..........
Q#01: Let X = {1, 5, 9}, Y = {3, 4, 7}
Define f : X Y by f(1) = 4, f(5) = 7, f(9) = 4
Marks = 2+2+1
Hint:
Chapter 16_Pg118.

(i) Is f one-one?
No, f is not one-to-one because all the elements of X are not mapped onto the Y elements. In X, 1 and 9 are mapped onto the same element 4 of Y.

(ii) Is f onto?
It’s also not a onto function because in Y, 3 is not img of any of X.


(iii) Does inverse of f exist?
No, f has not inverse because
A function f(x) has an inverse function if and only if f(x) is [COLOR=#0000FF !important]one to one[/COLOR] and it is not one to one. So, f has not inverse.



Q#02: Let A = {a, b, c} and R = {(a, c), (b, b), (c, a)} be a relation on A.

Determine whether R is reflexive, Symmetric, Transitive and anti-symmetric, or not.  Marks = 1+1+1+1

Solution:

Hint:
Chapter 12.
R is not reflexive.
Reason:
Because in R (a, a) and (c, c) are not exist. While in Reflexive Relation each element of A is must related to itself. So, in R is only (b, b) exist.
R is Symmetric.
Reason:
Because all the element of R are two ways. So, it’s symmetric.
R is not Transitive.
Reason:
According to [COLOR=#0000FF !important]definition[/COLOR] it should be must if a à b à c then a à c. so, it is not applying here.
R is not anti-symmetric.
Reason:
Because (c, a) & (a, c) ∈ R but c ≠ a

Q#03: Find the 36th term of the arithmetic [COLOR=#0000FF !important]sequence[/COLOR] whose 3rd term is 7 and 8th term is 17. Marks 6
Solution:
If
First term = a
Common difference = d
3rd term num = n = 3
8th term num = n = 8

So,
7 = a + (3-1) d
7 = a +2d------- (1)
17 = a + (8-1) d
17 = a +7d------- (2)
And now we find
d = ?
a =?
For finding the value of ‘d’ we subtract [COLOR=#0000FF !important]equation[/COLOR] 1st from 2nd

17 = a + 7d
7 = a + 2d
-----------------
10 = 5d
10/2 = d
d = 2
For finding the value of ‘a’, we put the value of ‘d’ in equation (1).

7 = a + 2d
7 = a + 2(2)
7 = a + 4
7- 4 = a
a = 3
We know that
So, the value of 36th term is
= 3 + (36-1) 2
= 3 + (35) 2
= 3+70
.............................

Q#01: Let X = {1, 5, 9}, Y = {3, 4, 7}
Define f : X Y by f(1) = 4, f(5) = 7, f(9) = 4
Marks = 2+2+1
Hint:
Chapter 16_Pg118.

(i) Is f one-one?
No, f is not one-to-one because all the elements of X are not mapped onto the Y elements. In X, 1 and 9 are mapped onto the same element 4 of Y.

(ii) Is f onto?
It’s also not a onto function because in Y, 3 is not img of any element of X.


(iii) Does inverse of f exist?
No, f has not inverse because
A function f(x) has an inverse function if and only if f(x) is one to one and it is not one to one. So, f has not inverse.

...................
Q#02: Let A = {a, b, c} and R = {(a, c), (b, b), (c, a)} be a relation on A.
Determine whether R is reflexive, Symmetric, Transitive and anti-symmetric, or not.
Marks = 1+1+1+1
Solution:
Hint:
Chapter 12.
R is not reflexive.
Reason:
Because in R (a, a) and (c, c) are not exist. While in Reflexive Relation each element of A is must related to itself. So, in R is only (b, b) exist.
R is Symmetric.
Reason:
Because all the element of R are two ways. So, it’s symmetric.
R is not Transitive.
Reason:
According to definition it should be must if a à b à c then a à c. so, it is not applying here.
R is not anti-symmetric.
Reason:
Because (c, a) & (a, c) ∈ R but c ≠ a
.................
Q#03: Find the 36th term of the arithmetic sequence whose 3rd term is 7 and 8th term is 17. Marks 6
Solution:
If
First term = a
Common difference = d
3rd term num = n = 3
8th term num = n = 8

So,
7 = a + (3-1) d
7 = a +2d------- (1)
17 = a + (8-1) d
17 = a +7d------- (2)
And now we find
d = ?
a =?
For finding the value of ‘d’ we subtract equation 1st from 2nd

17 = a + 7d
7 = a + 2d
-----------------
10 = 5d
10/2 = d
d = 2
For finding the value of ‘a’, we put the value of ‘d’ in equation (1).

7 = a + 2d
7 = a + 2(2)
7 = a + 4
7- 4 = a
a = 3
We know that
So, the value of 36th term is
= 3 + (36-1) 2
= 3 + (35) 2
= 3+70

Identify five aspects of audience analysis in detail.

An audience analysis is essentially a study of customer needs and wants. These could either be explicit, implicit or both. The key is to gather as much information as possible so that the final product will be well received by the target audience. In terms of its importance, audience analysis ranks highly with technical writers due to the content of their writing. Therefore, it is particularly important for them to know who their audience is especially in terms of their needs and wants. What they know or do not know, their level of understanding, their perspectives and views as well as expectations are useful information to a writer or speaker.

Audience Analysis Be Better Written?

• Understand the meaning and purpose of the analysis. The analysis is all about appreciating the profile and characteristics of a group of people so that an offering can be customized for them. The analysis would help determine, among others, the most appropriate style, tone, format and amount of information required.
• Appreciate the need for it. Why write an audience analysis? What is it for? How will an audience analysis help a speaker or writer? Appreciating the value of the analysis will enable it to better focused on factors such as audience background, the situation and context in which the final product will be delivered. Understanding how the analysis will be used by the writer or speaker to tailor their delivery will great help the manner in which the document is written.

It is important that the audience analysis is well written. It must be clear, factual and easily understood. Relevant headings would help readability in addition to a suitable layout and good organization of the material. The document must be proofread and edited. Spelling and grammar need to be without error with a good flow to the document for it to be user "friendly".

Knowing what to write is part of the solution. However, to be able to write well, we would have to be good at a number of other elements of writing. One of it is in translating ideas into words. If this is one areas that needs improvement, rest easy. There is now available, an easy to use Writing Software that offers a solution. The software uses a unique technology to provide the first context-related, all-in-one solution for improving writing. Developed by a leading team of software, algorithm, and Natural Language Processing experts, for the first time ever, users can easily enhance their writing skills. This revolutionary writing tool instantly analyzes the complete text and provides context-based recommendations to replace words with synonyms, to add adjectives and adverbs, to check spelling, and to verify proper grammar use.

or

Analyzing the Audience

Before writing anything, describe an audience by:

• Identifying audience characteristics,
• Assessing their objectives and needs,
• Planning for subgroups within the audience.

Conducting the Audience Analysis

Conduct either a formal -- based on surveys and questionnaires -- or an informal -- based on discussions -- analysis to create an audience profile. 

Formal Audience Analysis

During formal analysis:

• Conduct surveys,
• Use structured interviews,
• Gather questionnaires.

Some organizations often do formal analyses as part of marketing planning. 

Informal Audience Analysis

Gather information about the audience by talking with people who will read the final document. For example, when writing

• Product documentation, talk to people who use the product (or a similar product).
• An article for a periodical or journal, talk to people who read that publication. Especially talk to those who have published in that or similar periodicals.

Interview marketing, development, and other staff. These specialists have market research results, as well as access to customers.

When interviewing marketing and development staff,

• Ask open-ended questions and follow up on incomplete answers.
• Ask about the users' backgrounds: how they work, why they will read the document, and what they need from it.
• Attend meetings at which the product or service will be discussed.

Find out about the audience by reading

• Notes and reports by product trainers or maintenance personnel who have had contact with the audience,
• Previous issues of a specialized periodical.

Identifying Audience Characteristics

Identify the audience characteristics and remember them while writing. Before you begin writing consider such important audience characteristics as

• Educational and professional background,
• Knowledge and experience levels,
• English-language ability,
• Reading situation.

Use the audience characteristics, objectives, and needs to develop an audience profile, or of each subgroup of a diverse audience. To create the profile:

• Group related features in a written sketch of the typical reader,
• For a diverse audience, do a profile for each kind of reader,
• Form mental images of these composite people,
• Get to know the profiles before writing anything,
• Plan the document for typical readers and write to them,
• Provide the kind of information and presentation the readers need to achieve their goals.
• Use professional and educational background to determine the audience's knowledge and experience on a subject. Use this information to evaluate what readers know and what information they need.
  
  
  • Categorize readers as a single-level audience if they are members of a specific group. While it is difficult to assign readers to such exclusive groups, a useful distinction can be novice, intermediate, and expert.
  • Novices have minimal knowledge or experience, and may even fear the product or subject. In reference information they want basic concepts and procedures. In instructional materials, novices need to see quick results; successful experiences reassure them.
  • Intermediate audiences have some knowledge or experience. For example, if a document shows how to operate a drill press, an intermediate audience may have experience with similar equipment.
  • Experts are typically very knowledgeable. For example, an expert using software documentation may be a programmer who uses many of the software's applications.
  • However, a document that describes not only a particular subject matter (such as chemistry), but also the use of a particular tool (such as a computer) or technique (such as spectroscopy), complicates this view of the single-level audience.
  
  
  
  
  Categorize readers as a multiple-level audience if they include technical experts (programmers, engineers, scientists) who are unfamiliar with certain tools or techniques. For example, the reader may have general knowledge and experience with mathematics, physics, electronics, and spectrometry. However, she may be an inexperienced computer user and may lack specific knowledge about emission spectroscopy. A document that describes how to use a software package to obtain emission data, and how to interpret that data using specialized mathematics, must address various levels of audience knowledge and experience.
  Consider a document's implied as well as explicit audiences. For example, a technical manual prepared for novices may also be read by financial managers. This same manual may also have to support product maintenance. Hidden audiences affect a document's organization and style. In the above example, for instance, the document may have a benefits summary for sales purposes or provide a reference table for expert readers. 

Ahan.

1. Product Development and Quality Assurance

We assist crafts persons in improving their product designs & quality and business skills through technical

support and capacity building initiatives.

2. Marketing and Enterprise Development

We assist artisans in development and implementation of marketing strategies focusing on market analysis,

product selection, brand development, design of promotional campaigns, and test marketing & distribution

systems for rural non-farm products

Crafts persons and artisans are introduced to effective ways of enterprise/business development. AHAN

aims to support employment generation by providing awareness and exposure to entrepreneurs in

marketing their products and managing their businesses.

3. Technology Up-gradation

AHAN provides technical up-gradation in clusters by identifying technology up – gradation requirements

through research. Further, upgraded technology suggestions are setup as pilot projects for replication in

similar clusters. Additionally, AHAN maintains regular interaction with the clusters for provision of hands on

training to encourage transfer of knowledge.

4. Linkages with Microfinance Institutions

Access to finance plays an integral role in progress and development of any business. Rural enterprises are

primarily financed through Microfinance Institutions and therefore require support services to facilitate interaction between the two. We facilitate networking between rural entrepreneurs and microfinance

Q2. Keeping in mind the framework of Ahan, indicate at least five socio-economic

problems which can be solved by Ahan.

Poverty

One-third of India's population (roughly equivalent to the entire population of the United States)

lives below the poverty line and India is home to one-third of the world's poor people.

Terrorism

Main article: Terrorism in India

The regions with long term terrorist activities today are Jammu and Kashmir, Central

India (Naxalism) and Seven Sister States (independence and autonomy movements). In the past,

the Punjab insurgency led to militant activities in the Indian state of Punjab as well as the national

Lack of Education

Education is essential for the economic development of countries, since the·

industry of different states requires skilled professionals. When there is lack of

education, businesses cannot grow because of lack of expertise among labor. For

example, the Indian University Grant Commission indicates that access and quality

in education in the country continue to experience problems such as bad

infrastructure and lack of professional academics. This results in decline of the

economic activity in particular areas such as South Indian provinces.

Cultural and Religious Issues

The integration of different cultures and religion in a state result in a stable·

social structure that is favorable for economic development. However, a persistent

problem in many countries is the cultural and religious disagreements between social

classes. 

Overpopulation

Overpopulation is a serious socio-economic issues in countries of the

developing world, namely Asian states such as China and India.

Overpopulation results in reduced opportunities for members of a

family, large expenses for the states and hardship in the access to

education. Furthermore, 

Unemployment

o In his report on South Africa, economist Gary S. Fields from the U.S.

University of Cornell indicates that unemployment is a major

economic and social issue. 

Corruption

o Corruption is among the most serious issues that bar countries from proper

economic development. In countries with high rates of corruption, the

decision-making processes are subordinated to the needs of powerful

Mention at least five potential problems associated with SMEs which can be solved by Ahan

Answer:

Ahan can solved the problem of SME’s as follow:

1. To promote local products and services, generate employment opportunities and increase household income
2. To increase value-addition in local products through improved processing, quality and packaging
3. To promote market linkages between products & services at village level, and between domestic and export markets
4. To prevent depopulation of rural areas attributed to better suited employment opportunities prevalent in urban areas or cities.

Question No.2

Keeping in mind the framework of Ahan, indicate at least five socio-economic problems ?

plz discuss question No.2

Keeping in mind the framework of Ahan, indicate at least five socio-economic problems ?

1. Child Labor
2. Poor Justice System
3. Low Moral Values
4. Religious Intolerance
5. Corruption
6. Feudalism
7. Poor Educational System
8. High Defense Budget
9. Poverty
10. Leadership
11. Foreign debt
12. no rule of law
13. inflation
14. smuggling
15. drug abuse

in my point of view illiteracy, Poverty, Child Labour, poor justice system, poor education system, no rules of law problems solved by AHAN.

Herzberg's Two Factor Theory is a "content theory" of motivation" (the other main one is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs).

Herzberg analysed the job attitudes of 200 accountants and engineers who were asked to recall when they had felt positive or negative at work and the reasons why.

From this research, Herzberg suggested a two-step approach to understanding employee motivation and satisfaction:

Hygiene Factors

Hygiene factors are based on the need to for a business to avoid unpleasantness at work. If these factors are considered inadequate by employees, then they can cause dissatisfaction with work. Hygiene factors include:

- Company policy and administration

- Wages, salaries and other financial remuneration

- Quality of supervision

- Quality of inter-personal relations

- Working conditions

- Feelings of job security

Motivator Factors

Motivator factors are based on an individual's need for personal growth. When they exist, motivator factors actively create job satisfaction. If they are effective, then they can motivate an individual to achieve above-average performance and effort. Motivator factors include:

- Status

- Opportunity for advancement

- Gaining recognition

- Responsibility

- Challenging / stimulating work

- Sense of personal achievement & personal growth in a job

There is some similarity between Herzberg's and Maslow's models. They both suggest that needs have to be satisfied for the employee to be motivated. However, Herzberg argues that only the higher levels of the Maslow Hierarchy (e.g. self-actualisation, esteem needs) act as a motivator. The remaining needs can only cause dissatisfaction if not addressed.

Applying Hertzberg's model to de-motivated workers

What might the evidence of de-motivated employees be in a business?

- Low productivity

- Poor production or service quality

- Strikes / industrial disputes / breakdowns in employee communication and relationships

- Complaints about pay and working conditions

According to Herzberg, management should focus on rearranging work so that motivator factors can take effect. He suggested three ways in which this could be done:

JOB ENLARGEMENT

JOB ROTATION

JOB ENRICHMENT

• Motivators (e.g. challenging work, recognition, responsibility) that give positive satisfaction, arising from intrinsic conditions of the job itself, such as recognition, achievement, or personal growth,and

• Hygiene factors (e.g. status, job security, salary, fringe benefits, work conditions) that do not give positive satisfaction, though dissatisfaction results from their absence. These are extrinsic to the work itself, and include aspects such as company policies, supervisory practices, or wages/salary.