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Question No 1 solution jut for an idea

Computerized control systems provide benefits that can be categorized into four distinct groups:

Time

Money

Information management

Improved work conditions.

or

computer have greatly enhanced how businesses operate in the marketplace. Technology has grown so quick that any business not using computers are at a distinct disadvantage against competitors

Increased Productivity

Employees can process more information in less time using computers. Additionally, all business operations can be connected through computers, improving overall business operations.

Better Information

Businesses will usually implement a computerized Management Information System, which allows all information from individual departments to be monitored. This allows information to be collected and reported easily with computers.

Faster Operations

Computers can increase the speed of business operations. Ordering materials, inspecting products, and collecting customer feedback via computers allow businesses to operate faster and produce better results.

Cheaper R&D

Research and Development (R&D) costs will decrease when using computers. Scientific research can be done quickly using computer software designed to develop new products and services.

Higher Sales

Computers can generate higher sales for businesses through the use of websites. Businesses can now stay open around the clock, allowing customers from around the globe to shop their stores.

or

This question in various forms has been popular in the Ask Dan! email. For example, J. Maclearn asked "What are the advantages and disadvantages of decision support systems?" On a related topic, Wong Soon Chen asked me to justify the statement that "Managers need computerized decision support and supporting technologies to do their jobs better" with relevant facts and figures. Mick Spain wrote "I'm trying to do an academic literature review of decision support systems in general and measuring how they benefit strategic decision making in particular." He requested my comments on the topic and recent references. Lynn Oelke wrote asking "What are the benefits of using DSS for Health Care Administrators?" Rosjalina asked "How can data warehouses benefit organizations?" 

A number of Ask Dan! columns have addressed related questions, but now seems like a good opportunity to summarize the advantages and disadvantages of computerized decision support. It is not possible in an Ask Dan! column to cite all of the studies that support the following conclusions, but interested readers are encouraged to check Alter (1980), Power (2002) and Udo and Guimaraes (1994) and review articles that have been published in the Decision Support Systems journal (ISSN: 0167-9236, imprint: NORTH-HOLLAND, began publication in 1985). Let's start with the advantages:

1) Time savings. For all categories of decision support systems, research has demonstrated and substantiated reduced decision cycle time, increased employee productivity and more timely information for decision making. The time savings that have been documented from using computerized decision support are often substantial. Researchers have not however always demonstrated that decision quality remained the same or actually improved.

2) Enhance effectiveness. A second category of advantage that has been widely discussed and examined is improved decision making effectiveness and better decisions. Decision quality and decision making effectiveness are however hard to document and measure. Most research has examined soft measures like perceived decision quality rather than objective measures. For example, Hogue and Watson (1983) reported the most important reason managers cited for using a DSS was to obtain accurate information. Studies of model-driven DSS have examined this outcome more than research on other types of DSS (cf., Sharda, Barr, and McDonnell, 1988). Advocates of building data warehouses identify the possibility of more and better analyses that can improve decision making.

3) Improve interpersonal communication. DSS can improve communication and collaboration among decision makers. In appropriate circumstances, communications-driven and group DSS have had this impact. Model-driven DSS provide a means for sharing facts and assumptions. Data-driven DSS make "one version of the truth" about company operations available to managers and hence can encourage fact-based decision making. Improved data accessibility is often a major motivation for building a data-driven DSS. This advantage has not been adequately demonstrated for most types of DSS.

4) Competitive advantage. Vendors frequently cite this advantage for business intelligence systems, performance management systems, and web-based DSS. Although it is possible to gain a competitive advantage from computerized decision support, this is not a likely outcome. Vendors routinely sell the same product to competitors and even help with the installation. Organizations are most likely to gain this advantage from novel, high risk, enterprise-wide, inward facing decision support systems. Measuring this is and will continue to be difficult. For more discussion of this issue read Ask Dan! (Vol. 6, No. 17, July 31, 2005).

5) Cost reduction. Some research and especially case studies have documented DSS cost saving from labor savings in making decisions and from lower infrastructure or technology costs. This is not always a goal of building DSS.

6) Increase decision maker satisfaction. The novelty of using computers has and may continue to confound analysis of this outcome. DSS may reduce frustrations of decision makers, create perceptions that better information is being used and/or create perceptions that the individual is a "better" decision maker. Satisfaction is a complex measure and often researchers measure satisfaction with the DSS rather than satisfaction with using a DSS in decision making. Some studies have compared satisfaction with and without computerized decision aids. Those studies suggest the complexity and "love/hate" tension of using computers for decision support.

7) Promote learning. Learning can occur as a by-product of initial and ongoing use of a DSS. Two types of learning seem to occur: learning of new concepts and the development of a better factual understanding of the business and decision making environment. Some DSS serve as "de facto" training tools for new employees. This potential advantage has not been adequately examined.

8) Increase organizational control. Data-driven DSS often make business transaction data available for performance monitoring and ad hoc querying. Such systems can enhance management understanding of business operations and managers perceive that this is useful. What is not always evident is the financial benefit from increasingly detailed data. Regulations like Sarbanes-Oxley often dictate reporting requirements and hence heavily influence the control information that is made available to managers. On a more ominous note, some DSS provide summary data about decisions made, usage of the systems, and recommendations of the system. Managers need to be very careful about how decision-related information is collected and then used for organizational control purposes. If employees feel threatened or spied upon when using a DSS, the benefits of the DSS can be reduced. More research is needed on these questions.

Decision support systems should accomplish a purpose that is valued in an organization, but in addition it is important to examine the impact of computerized decision support from individual, group and organizational perspectives. I am a computerized decision support "evangelist". I have concluded based upon experience and research that DSS when appropriately implemented and used can provide individuals, groups and organizations with advantages and benefits. I have been spreading the word about computerized decision support for more than 30 years, but I have tried to remain objective and balanced in my writings and research. In that spirit, let's examine "the dark side", the disadvantages of computerized decision support.

DSS can create advantages for organizations and can have positive benefits, but building and using DSS can create negative outcomes in some situations. For example, some data-driven DSS development efforts lead to power struggles over who should have access to data. Also, managers may have personal motives for advocating development of a specific DSS that harms other managers or the organization as a whole. My discussion of disadvantages builds upon the work of Klein and Methlie (1996, p. 172-181) and Winograd and Flores (1986). The following are eight disadvantages:

1) Overemphasize decision making. Clearly the focus of those of us interested in computerized decision support is on decisions and decision making. Implementing DSS may reinforce the rational perspective and overemphasize decision processes and decision making. It is important to educate managers about the broader context of decision making and the social, political and emotional factors that impact organizational success. It is especially important to continue examining when and under what circumstances DSS should be built and used. We must continue to ask if the decision situation is appropriate for using any type of DSS and if a specific DSS is or remains appropriate to use for making or informing a specific decision.

2) Assumption of relevance. According to Winograd and Flores (1986), "Once a computer system has been installed it is difficult to avoid the assumption that the things it can deal with are the most relevant things for the manager's concern." The danger is that once DSS become common in organizations, that managers will use them inappropriately. There is limited evidence that this occurs. Again training is the only way to avoid this potential problem.

3) Transfer of power. Building DSS, especially knowledge-driven DSS, may be perceived as transferring decision authority to a software program. This is more a concern with decision automation systems (check DecisionAutomation.com) than with DSS. I advocate building computerized decision support systems because I want to improve decision making while keeping a human decision maker in the "decision loop". In general, I value the "need for human discretion and innovation" in the decision making process.

4) Unanticipated effects. Implementing decision support technologies may have unanticipated consequences. It is conceivable and it has been demonstrated that some DSS reduce the skill needed to perform a decision task. Some DSS overload decision makers with information and actually reduce decision making effectiveness. I'm sure other such unintended consequences have been documented. Nevertheless, most of the examples seem correctable, avoidable or subject to remedy if and when they occur.

5) Obscuring responsibility. The computer doesn't make a "bad" decision, people do. Unfortunately some people may deflect personal responsibility to a DSS. Managers need to be continually reminded that the computerized decision support system is an intermediary between the people who built the system and the people who use the system. The entire responsibility associated with making a decision using a DSS resides with people who built and use the system. 

6) False belief in objectivity. Managers who use DSS may or may not be more objective in their decision making. Computer software can encourage more rational action, but managers can also use decision support technologies to rationalize their actions. It is an overstatement to suggest that people using a DSS are more objective and rational than managers who are not using computerized decision support.

7) Status reduction. Some managers argue using a DSS will diminish their status and force them to do clerical work. This perceptual problem can be a disadvantage of implementing a DSS. Managers and IS staff who advocate building and using computerized decision support need to deal with any status issues that may arise. This perception may or should be less common now that computer usage is common and accepted in organizations.

8) Information overload. Too much information is a major problem for people and many DSS increase the information load. Although this can be a problem, DSS can help managers organize and use information. DSS can actually reduce and manage the information load of a user. DSS developers need to try to measure the information load created by the system and DSS users need to monitor their perceptions of how much information they are receiving. The increasing ubiquity of handheld, wireless computing devices may exacerbate this problem and disadvantage.

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Question No 2 Solution Just for Idea

Authoritative or democratic

Management Style Training

In business, there are several management styles and theories that support them. Two of the most common management styles, authoritative management and democratic management, have both benefits and dangers associated with their use. Some heads of organizations believe strongly in one particular style and will train their managers to utilize that style in leading their team

Features

Managers who use the authoritative style, according to ManagementStyles.net, require employees to work through "coercive management policies and guidelines." Using this method, employees are allowed very little scope to express  their opinions or participate in decision-making.

Under the democratic style, employees are given incentives to increase their productivity and are "allowed to express themselves and to participate in the decision-making process of an organization," according to ManagementStyles.net.

Theories

The authoritative style is based on the belief that employees, for the most part, do not like to work and must be told exactly what to do and how to do it. The democratic style relies on the theory that employees will feel more motivated and appreciated, which will lead to higher performance and productivity, when their ideas and opinions are sought, valued and incorporated into decisions.

Benefits

According to a case study by Knowledge Train, a project management training organization in London, authoritative management is most successful when used with a team of employees who lack motivation, are in need of a strong leader or are in need of clear direction. In these situations, the authoritative style will point employees toward organizational goals and provide them with clear steps on how to be successful. The democratic style is best practiced with employees who feel motivated and a sense of belonging, according to LearnManagement2.com, a Web site aimed at learners studying global management.

Dangers

According to ManagementStyles.net, some employees who are managed authoritatively will feel as though they are being treated like a child and resent that their opinion is not considered or valued. These employees can become disengaged and leave their employer. Democratic managers run the risk of slowing decision-making time and also provide the opportunity for some employees to "take advantage" of their manager's style and begin "not working to their full potential and allowing other group members to 'carry' them," according to LearnManagement 2.com.

Balance

According to ManagementStyles.net, some experts have suggested that the most effective managers are those that incorporate a mixture of both the authoritative and democratic management styles. Each of the two styles used alone can be considered too extreme, therefore an organization may decide to coach managers to utilize aspects of both styles as needed. For example, a manager may rely on the democratic style when leading a new team that seems to resist change and lack direction, but may switch to the authoritative style after improvements in attitude and productivity are seen and a situation arises in which the opinions and ideas of the team may prove to be valuable.

Training

An organization that offers management style training to its supervisors must first take several factors into account, such as its strategic goals and the behavioral profile of its employees, according to ManagementStyles.net. Once one management style, or a blend of two styles, is chosen, it must be effectively communicated to all levels of leadership within the organization and executed consistently across the company. This training typically takes place in a classroom setting where managers have the opportunity to view case studies and role play under the direction of an instructor.
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company should adopt computerized payroll system due to following reasons.

1. 1. Time Importation

• Many employers use a timekeeping system, such as time clock, to track employees' work hours. A manual system requires tracking employee time by hand; a computerized payroll system often has the ability to automatically transport employee punches/swipes from the timekeeping system into the payroll system automatically. Such a system can separate regular hours from overtime hours worked. All the payroll person has to do is make edits/adjustments, if necessary.

Automatic Calculations

• If employee time is imported into the computerized payroll system, the latter rounds the employee time up and down appropriately, such as to the nearest quarter hour. It calculates the total hours worked and to be paid. This saves on time spent manually calculating the hours and reduces errors. If the payroll person enters the hours into the system herself, it calculates the wages automatically, based on her input. The system calculates all pay frequencies, such as weekly, biweekly, and semimonthly.

A computerized payroll system automatically calculates employee statutory deductions, such as taxes and wage garnishments, and voluntary deductions, such as parking fees, 401k contributions and medical benefits. The payroll person simply enters the data upon which the deductions are based, such as Form W-4 information for federal income tax withholding.

Paycheck Processing

• A manual payroll system requires you to print paychecks on a typewriter or by hand. A computerized payroll system has direct-deposit capability, which saves money spent on live checks and reconciliation. Additionally, paycheck and pay stub generation occurs quickly, regardless of volume.

Report Generation

• A computerized payroll system generates and prints payroll reports. If you want to double-check the payroll before printing paychecks/pay stubs, simply reference the corresponding reports. Furthermore, the U.S. Department of Labor requires employers to retain payroll records for at least three years. A computerized system enables hard-copy printing of payroll registers pertaining to each pay period. It also saves the information in the system indefinitely.

The system generates tax reports to ensure payroll tax compliance. This includes quarterly and annual wage reporting and generating employee W-2 forms. If a related department such as accounting handles the company's payroll tax and reconciliation duties, print the necessary reports the department needs via the computerized system. Furthermore, the system tracks benefit days, such as vacation and personal time, taken and paid.

Features

• Automated payroll systems will often calculate payroll taxes, exemptions and withholdings based on pre-programmed settings. The electronic systems can also receive updates or upgrades to remain consistent with current laws.

The main advantages of a computerized accounting system are listed below:

• Speed – data entry onto the computer with its formatted screens and built-in databases of customers and supplier details and stock records can be carried out far more quickly than any manual processing.
• Automatic document production – fast and accurate invoices, credit notes, purchase orders, printing statements and payroll documents are all done automatically.
• Accuracy – there is less room for errors as only one accounting entry is needed for each transaction rather than two (or three) for a manual system.
• Up-to-date information – the accounting records are automatically updated and so account balances (e.g. customer accounts) will always be up-to-date.
• Availability of information – the data is instantly available and can be made available to different users in different locations at the same time.
• Management information – reports can be produced which will help management monitor and control the business, for example the aged debtors analysis will show which customer accounts are overdue, trial balance, trading and profit and loss account and balance sheet.
• GST/VAT return – the automatic creation of figures for the regular GST/VAT returns.
• Legibility *– the onscreen and printed data should always be legible and so will avoid errors caused by poor figures.
• Efficiency – better use is made of resources and time; cash flow should improve through better debt collection and inventory control.
• Staff motivation – the system will require staff to be trained to use new skills, which can make them feel more motivated. Further to this with many ‘off-the-shelf’ packages like MYOB the training can be outsourced and thus making a particular staff member less critical of business operations.
• Cost savings – computerized accounting programs reduce staff time doing accounts and reduce audit expenses as records are neat, up-to-date and accurate.
• Reduce frustration – management can be on top of their accounts and thus reduce stress levels associated with what is not known.
• The ability to deal in multiple currencies easily – many computerized accounting packages now allow a business to trade in multiple currencies with ease. Problems associated with exchange rate changes are minimized.

In summary if you have not computerized your accounting you should seriously consider doing so. I chose to train in MYOB after reviewing all the small to medium business accounting packages on the market. In my view MYOB was the best overall package. A free 90 day trial version of MYOB accounting software can be downloaded from your own country’s MYOB website. This trial version is the full version but any business set up with it can only have entries entered for 90 days; after that, purchase of the software is required. I strongly recommend you download a version and take a look.